- 厦门大学814阅读及英美文学、语言学基础历年考研真题及详解
- 圣才电子书
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- 2021-05-27 11:24:42
2003厦门大学417阅读及英美文学、语言学基础考研真题及详解
Part One Reading Comprehension 70分
Directions: Each passage below is followed by questions based on its content. After reading a passage, choose the best answer to each question. And then blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.
Passage 1
The place of the child in society has varied for thousands of years and has been affected by different cultures and religions. In ancient times unwanted children were occasionally abandoned, put to death, exploited, or offered for religious sacrifices, and in any event a large percentage of them didn’t survive their physically hazardous existence to achieve maturity.
In Western civilization within the last few hundred years, there have been many changes in attitude toward the young. In agricultural Europe, and later with the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, the children of the poor worked long hours for little or no pay, and there was no public concern for their safety or welfare. Punishment could be brutal and severe, and sometimes-religious passions were expressed violently with a view toward saving the child’s soul.
By the eighteenth century the harsh, deterministic, doctrinaire methods began to show some change. Society slowly accorded children a role of more importance. Books were written expressly for them and gradually laws were passed for their protection.
In the past few decades parents have become more attentive to the needs of their children. Better health care is available and education is no longer reserved for a limited few. With so many now able to go to college, many rearing has swung so far toward permissiveness that many children are growing up alienated from society and with no respect for law or parental authority.
The tendency today is for teachers and parents to emphasize individual responsibility and to stress that educational goals for students should be tailored to their chosen vocations rather than provide a generalized higher education.
1．What does the article say about children?
A. They have always been the hope of mankind.
B. In certain periods of history no one cared about them.
C. In the mid-eighteenth century western attitudes toward children began to change.
D. There were laws barring child labor during the industrial revolution.
2．What does the article say about children in ancient times?
A. They were worshipped as deities.
B. At times they were used as sacrificial offerings.
C. People who didn’t want children usually murdered them.
3．What changes have occurred in the past few decades with regard to the child’s place in society?
A. Child raising has become more permissive.
B. Public health has improved so much through medical advances that children now need no particular health care.
C. Children are becoming more intelligent.
D. Children are becoming more respectful toward their parents.
4．What is the present trend in child discipline and education?
A. to give as many young people as possible a popular generalized college education.
B. To create more regimentation of the individual.
C. to teach children to conform to rigorous rules.
D. to emphasize individual responsibility.
【答案与解析】
1．B 细节理解题。根据第二段第二句，在欧洲处于农业社会及工业革命前期时，无人关心孩子们的安全和福利，B正确。根据第三段第一句话可知，到18世纪工业革命命运主义和教条主义论开始有所改变，C选项时间不对，故C错误。
2．B 细节理解题。根据第一段第二句，对于不想要的孩子，他们会把他们作为祭祀品献给宗教事业，故B正确。
3．A 细节辨析题。根据倒数第二段最后一句话，“随着许多人可以上大学，培养孩子的方式也越来越变成放任孩子不管，以至于许多孩子长大后反社会，不把法律和家长的权威放在眼里。”可知，A选项是简化了原文，故选A。
4．D 细节理解题。根据最后一段第一句话中“现在的趋势是强调个体责任”，故D正确。
Passage 2
Many experimental cars have been designed as one-of-a-kind models to be shown privately or presented in auto shows, but never produced for actual sale. One purpose of such cars is to test consumer reaction to the various features shown. They are also the results of inspired as well as innovative ideas developed in the automaker’s workshops. One experimental car, the Firebird by General Motors, had a single stick control system eliminating the conventional steering wheel, brake pedal and accelerator. Moving the stick to the left or fight steered the car in those directions. Pushing forward accelerated the car and pulling back applied the brakes. The control stick was in the center of the front compartment and either the driver or the passenger could operate it.
5．In this paragraph what is meant by an experimental car?
A. A display car that customers can have made to order
B. One that the company will produce in volume the following year
C. A car to suit the tastes of the very wealthy.
D. A car to test public reaction to new features.
6．What was said about the Firebird put out by General Motors?
A. It immediately proved to be immensely popular.
B. It was a car that could be maneuvered with the use of fewer knobs and pedals than conventional cars.
C. It was a new system that was practically foolproof.
D. It gave the driver a sense of security.
7．What do the manufacturers accomplish by making experimental cars?
A. They can test out new design ideas conceived in the engineering department.
B. They are used to deceive their competitors about the direction of their future designs.
C. They are displayed to show people how bizarre in design they may become.
D. They serve to occupy the spare time of design engineers during slack seasons.
【答案与解析】
5．D 细节理解题。根据第二句话可知，实验车的目的就是想看看顾客对于新性能的反应，故选D。
6．B 细节理解题。根据第四句话可知，Firebird是一辆实验车，而非系统，该车只用一个杆子操纵，相对于传统汽车而言，省去了刹车和油门，故B正确，C选项错在Firebird不是一个系统，故排除。
7．A 细节理解题。根据第三句话可知，实验车也体现了汽车制造者新的设计想法，故A正确。
Passage 3
One-room schools are part of the heritage of the United States, and the mention of them makes people feel a vague longing for “The way things were.” One-room schools are an endangered species, however. For more than a hundred years, one-room schools have been systematically shut down and their students sent away to centralized schools. As recently as 1930 there were 149,000 one-room schools in the United States. By 1970 there were 1,800. Today, of the nearly 800 remaining one-room schools, more than 350 are in Nebraska. The rest are scattered through a few other states that have on their road maps wide-open spaces between towns.
Now that there are hardly any left, educators are beginning to think that maybe there is something yet to be learned from one-room schools, something that served the pioneers that might serve as well today. Progressive educators have come up with progressive-sounding names like “peer-group teaching” and “multi-age grouping ” for educational procedures that occur naturally in the one-room school. In a one-room school the children teach each other because the teacher is busy part of the time teaching someone else. A fourth grader can work at a fifth-grade level in math and a third-grade level in English without the stigma associated with being left back or the pressures of being skipped ahead. A youngster with a learning disability can find his or her own level without being separated from the other pupils. In larger urban and suburban schools today, this is called “mainstreaming.” A few hours in a small school that has only one classroom and it becomes clear why so many parents feel that one of the advantages of living in Nebraska is that their children have to go to a one-room school.
8．What is the author’s main purpose in the passage?
A. To discuss present-day education in the United States.
B. To mention some advantages of one-room schools.
C. To persuade states to close down one-room schools.
D. To summarize the history of education in the United States.
9．The author implies that many educators and parents today feel that one-room schools_____.
A. are too small
B. put pressure on teachers
C. are too far apart
D. provide a good education
10．According to the passage, why are one-room schools in danger of disappearing?
A. They skip too many children ahead.
B. There are no fourth-grade levels in any of them.
C. There is a trend toward centralization.
D. They all exist in one state.
11．According to the passage, about how many one-room school are there in the United States today?
A. 149,000
B. 1800
C. 800
D. 350
12．In the second paragraph, what is mentioned as a major characteristic of the one-room school system?
A. It causes many children to be left back.
B. It must work in conjunction with an urban school.
C. It does not allow teachers to do any individual teaching.
D. It does not limit learning to one grade level at a time.
13．The attitude of the author toward one-room schools is one of_____.
A. humor
B. indifference
C. commendation
D. anger
【答案与解析】
8．B 主旨大意题。第一段介绍单班学校数量的减少，第二段介绍教育者和家长们意识到单板学校教育的好处，故作者旨在介绍单班学校的优势，故选B。
9．D 段落大意题。第二段教育者们思考并借鉴单班学校的教学模式，说明教育者们一定程度上认可单班教学的优势，而第二段最后一句话家长们觉得住在内布拉斯加州的一个好处就是孩子们接受的是单班教育，两者都肯定了单班教育的教学优势，故选D。
10．C 细节理解题。根据第一段第三句话可知，一百多年来孩子们都被送去念集中式学校，故C正确。
11．C 细节理解题。根据第一段倒数第二句可知，留存下来的单班学校有800所，350所在内布拉斯加州，故C正确。
12．D 细节理解题。第二段指出，单班教学就是所有年级都在一起上课，故D正确。
13．C 作者观点题。第二段着重介绍了单班教学的优点，并没有谈及其缺点，故作者持支持观点，选C。
Passage 4
In the past, evolutionary biologists contemplating the absence of wheels in nature agreed that the explanation was not undesirability; wheels would be good for animals, just as they are for us. Animals were prevented from evolving wheels, the biologists reasoned, by the following dilemma: Living cells in an animal’s body are connected to the heart by blood vessels, and to the brain by nerves. Because a rotating joint is essential to a wheel, a wheel made of living cells would twist its artery, vein, and nerve connections at the first revolution, making living wheels impracticable.
However, there is a flaw in the argument that the evolution of wheeled animals was thwarted by the insoluble joint problem. The theory fails to explain why animals have not evolved wheels of dead tissue with no need for arteries and nerves. Countless animals, including us, bear external structures without blood supply or nerves – for example, our hair and fingernails, or the scales, claws, and horns of other animals. Why have rats not evolved bony wheels, similar to roller skates? Paws might be more useful than wheels in some situations, but cat’s claws are retractable; why not retractable wheels? We thus arrive at the serious biological paradox flippantly termed the RRR dilemma: nature’s failure to produce rats with retractable roller skates.
14．Which of the following is the best title for the passage?
A. Evolutionary Biology: New Research Methods
B. How Do Living Joints Function?
C. Wheels for Animals: A Biological Possibility?
D. The Evolutionary History of the Wheel.
15．The passage discusses the evolution of animals in terms of their_____.
A. genetic structures
B. reproductive cycles
C. anatomy
D. behavior
16．The structural material of the wheels discussed in the passage would be similar to that of_____.
A. nerves
B. joints
C. arteries and veins
D. scales and horns
17．The concept of retractable roller skates, mentioned in the last sentence, would be best explained as_____.
A. an evolutionary variation of claws
B. a complex structure of living tissue
C. an example of human intervention in natural development
D. a new discovery by evolutionists
【答案与解析】
14．C 主旨大意题。全文讲述的是动物是否能进化出轮子作为身体的一部分，故选C。
15．B 细节辨析题。能否进化出轮子与再生循环系统有关，故选B。其他选项文中没有提到。
16．D 细节理解题。第一段已经说明了由活细胞构成的轮子是不可能的，所以文章主要谈论的是由非活细胞构成的轮子。第二段第三句话举出了由非活细胞构成的组织的例子，其中就包括scales and horns，故选D。
17．A 细节辨析题。第二段倒数第三句反问为什么老鼠不能进化出类似于轮子的结构，倒数第二句反问既然猫的爪子可伸缩，为什么不能有可伸缩的轮子。最后一句将前两句合并后得出结论，是自然演变过程中没能使老鼠进化出可伸缩的轮滑鞋般的轮子，而仅仅是爪子。实际上可伸缩的轮滑鞋般的轮子就是爪子革命性的变体，故选A。全文只是质疑为什么大自然中没有进化出类似轮子的结构，但并没有提到有人类干预，故C错误。
Passage 5
When the persuading and the planning for the Western railroads had finally been completed, the really challenging task remained: the dangerous, sweaty, backbreaking, brawling business of actually building the lines. The men who took it on comprised the most cosmopolitan work crew in American history. They included Civil War veterans and freed slaves, Irish and German immigrants, Mormons and atheists, Shoshonis, Paiutes, Washos, and Chinese.
At the peak of their labors, the work crews laid two to five miles of track a day. The men filled ravines, ran spidery trestles across rives and valleys, and punched holes through mountains. And they did all these jobs largely by their own muscle power.
Flatcars carried rails to within half a mile of the railhead: there the iron was loaded onto carts. An eyewitness described the procedure: “A light car, drawn by a single horse, gallops up to the front with its load rails. Two men seize the end of a rail and start forward, the rest of the gang taking hold by twos until it is clear of the car. They come forward at a run. At the word of command, the rail is dropped in its place, right side up. Less than thirty seconds to a rail for each gang, and so four rails go down to the minute.”
18．Which of the following is the most suitable title for the passage?
A. An Eyewitness Report
B. A Difficult Task
C. The Hiring of a Construction Crew
D. The Railroad and the Civil war
19．According to the passage, in addition to laying railroad track, the work crew did which of the following?
A. Climbed over mountain peaks.
B. Planned railroads.
C. Caught horses.
D. Made tunnels.
20．In second paragraph, the word “they” refer to_____.
A. men
B. valleys
C. mountains
D. jobs
21．Which of the following phrases could be substituted for the phrased “clear of ”(in the third paragraph) without changing the meaning of the sentence?
A. put through
B. visible to
C. away from
D. open to
【答案与解析】
18．B 主旨大意题。全文都在讲建铁路的人如何辛苦，故选B。
19．D 细节理解题。第二段第二句提到铁路工人在山中打洞，说的就是挖隧道，故选D。
20．A 细节理解题。第二段最后一句“他们完全靠自己做这些工作”，他们指的就是铁路工人，故选A。
21．C 词义猜测题。be clear of表示“摆脱”，在原文中是指铁轨被工人们从车上拿下来，be away from离开…，符合句意，故选C。
Passage 6
With the show Rodeo, Agnes de Mille had been an innovator in the world of ballet. But with the show Oklahoma, she revolutionized the Broadway stage – brought to an end the dance line routine of high kicks and mechanized movement, and gave in its place dance ad plot smoothly integrated, choreography reinforcing the action. Twenty-five years later, in March, 1968, a New York Time’s article by theater critic Walter Kerr, headed “In the Beginning was Oklahoma!”, stated, “Oklahoma! had a plot. It had to do with whether a boy would succeed in taking a girl to a picnic lunch. At the end of the first half this great issue was still unresolved, so unresolved that its emotional implications had to be danced out at great length in what remains the most exhilarating dancing…ever devised for United States musical comedy stage. ”
The impact of Oklahoma! was instantaneous. The song “Beautiful Morning” sounded out via radios, in restaurants, from cars passing on the highways, in shoeshine parlors. Full skirts of gingham patterns, street shoes made to look like ballet slippers, the ponytail hairdo, were the rage. The play ran for five years and nine weeks in New York City. A traveling road company played it for nine and a half years. It also toured abroad for several years. In 1955 it became a movie. A newly assembled all-star company was sent abroad by the State Department as representative of a part of United States culture.
As for Agnes de Mille, her days of giving recitals and losing $300 to $1,000 each time were over. She became the most sought-after choreographer on Broadway.
22．What is the author’s main purpose in the passage?
A. To explain the background of the song “Beautiful Morning ”
B. to compare Rodeo and Oklahoma!
C. To describe Agnes de Mille’s success with Oklahoma!
D. To discuss the fashions made popular by Oklahoma!
23．The author cites Walter Kerr because he was_____.
A. the composer of the music for Oklahoma!
B. a dancer who performed with Agnes de Mille
C. a critic who praised Agnes de Mille’s choreography
D. the owner of The New York Times
24．In the second paragraph, the expression “were the rage” could best be replaced by_____.
A. created chaos
B. made people crazed
C. made people angry
D. were very popular
25．According to the passage, Oklahoma! was selected by the State Department to be performed abroad because it was_____.
A. considered rather revolutionary
B. representative of an aspect of American life
C. poorly received in New York City
D. an inspiring love story
26．The passage implies that prior or Oklahoma! Agnes de Mille had given recitals that were_____.
A. popular comedy routines
B. financially unsuccessful
C. performed at picnics
D. broadcast over the radio
【答案与解析】
22．C 主旨大意题。全文讲的是艾格尼斯·德米尔通过《俄克拉荷马》这个作品革新了百老汇舞台并取得巨大成功的故事，故选C。
23．C 细节理解题。第一段第三句说明Walter Kerr是一个剧评家，他评价《俄克拉荷马》是美国音乐戏剧舞台上最令人愉悦的舞蹈，故选C。
24．C 词义猜测题。be the rage风靡一时，从文章赞扬《俄克拉荷马》这个角度来看，也不会选A、B、C，故选D。
25．B 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段最后一句可知《俄克拉荷马》是作为美国文化的代表而在国外演出的，故选B。
26．B 细节理解题。根据最后一段艾格尼斯·德米尔此前作品造成亏损来看，这些作品经济上并不成功，故选B。
Passage 7
Lichens are a unique group of complex, flowerless plants growing on racks and trees. There are thousands of kinds of lichens, which come in a wide variety of colors. They are composed of algae and fungi which unite to satisfy the needs of the lichens.
The autotrophic green algae produce all their own food through a process called photosynthesis and provide the lichen with nutritional elements. On the other hand, the heterotrophic fungus, which depends on other elements to provide its food, not only absorbs and stores water for the plant, but also helps protect it. This union by which two dissimilar organisms live together is called “symbiosis.”
This sharing enables lichens to resist the most adverse environmental conditions found on earth. They can be found in some very unlikely places such as the polar ice caps as well as tropical zones, in dry areas as well as in wet ones, on mountain peaks and along coastal areas.
The lichen’s strong resistance to its hostile environment and its ability to live in harmony with such environments is one example that humanity should consider in trying to solve its own problems.
27．Which of the following is not true?
A. Lichens are not simple plants.
B. The lichen habitat is limited to the polar ice caps.
C. Lichens can resist a hostile environment.
D. Heterotrophic plants depend on other elements to supply their food.
28．What can be said about autotrophic plants and heterotrophic plants?
A. They produce their food in the same manner.
B. Heterotrophic plants produce all the own food.
C. Autotrophic plants need other elements to supply their food.
D. Their methods of food production are completely different.
29．Which of the following conclusions could be made about lichens?
A. They are found worldwide and are complex plants made up of algae and fungi.
B. They are found worldwide and are simple plants, symbiotic in nature.
C. They are found worldwide and are compound plants made up entirely of algae.
D. Although found worldwide, lichens are found mostly as a simple plant form in the tropics.
30．Which of the following directly relates to algae?
A. It offers protection to lichens.
B. It supplies water for lichens.
C. It supplies its own food.
D. It is dependent on other plants for its food supply.
【答案与解析】
27．B 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段，青苔不论是在干还是湿的环境，还是在北极或赤道都可以生长，故B错误。
28．D 细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句用“dissimilar”这个词形容藻类和菌类这两种有机体，dissimilar表示“不同的”，故D正确。
29．A 细节理解题。第一段第一句话指出青苔是长在石头和树上独特的复杂无花群体植物。第二段最后一句话说明青苔是藻类和菌类的结合体，故A正确。
30．C 细节理解题。根据第二段第一句话，藻类自给自足，且为青苔提供营养成分，故知C正确。A、B、D选项是菌类的特点，故排除。
Passage 8
Why save endangered species? For the general public, endangered species appear to be little more than biological oddities. A very different perception is gained from considering the issue of extinction in a wider context. The important point is that many major social advances have been made on the basis of life forms whose worth would never have been perceived in advance. Consider the impact of rubber-producing on contemporary life and industry: approximately two-thirds of the world’s rubber supply comes from rubber-producing plants and is made into objects as diverse as rubber washers and rubber boots.
31．The author’s point is made chiefly by _____.
A. acknowledging the validity of two opposing points of view
B. appealing to the emotions of the audience rather than to their intellects
C. suggesting a useful perspective for viewing the question raised at the beginning of the passage.
D. trying to discredit the view of an opponent without presenting an alternative hypothesis
32．All of the following facts could be used for as illustrative examples in addition to the example of rubber-producing plants except _____.
A. The discovery of the vaccine for smallpox resulted from observing the effect of the cowpox virus on the hands of dairy workers.
B. the major source of our pharmaceutical supplies is plants, some of them commonly thought of as weeds.
C. Certain antibiotics were originally derived from mold growing on cantaloupe
D. Plastic is a unique product derived from petroleum and petroleum by products.
【答案与解析】
31．C 推理判断题。第一句就提出为什么要拯救濒危物种的话题。传统的话题一般是解释濒危物种的重要性，而作者给出另一种观点，既不需要拯救濒危物种，并给出自己的理由：人类一些重大的进步都建立在相比于此没那么重要的生命形式的牺牲上，故此题C正确。D错在作者给出了自己的观点，故排除。
32．A 细节辨析题。生产橡胶的植物的例子是指将大自然的产物纳为己用，可能会产生破坏或污染。B、C、D都符合阐述作者观点的例子，故选A。
Passage 9
According to a recent historical study, capital punishment deters murder only during weeks when well-publicized executions take place. During such weeks, homicides fail to a level below average. The yearly murder rate, however, is not affected by the number of well-publicized executions.
33．If the above passage is true, which of the following statements must also be true?
A. In the period studied, the number of well-publicized executions remained virtually the same from year to year.
B. For at least one week during any years in which there were well-publicized executions, murder rates were above average.
C. During some weeks of each year of the study, an extraordinary number of public execution took place.
D. In the past, newspapers considered capital punishment important news and devoted extensive coverage to all executions.
【答案】C
【解析】推理判断题。该段落说明有些星期由于有公共处决发生，杀人犯的数量低于平均值。而每年的谋杀率并没有受到影响，那么说明一定有些星期的命案要高于平均值，这也就决定了行刑数量在有些星期较多，故选C。
Passage 10
Jet fighters have recently been equipped with electronics improvements enabling the pilot to shoot down an enemy plane while still out of sight. There is, however, the following problem: there is no sure way of determining whether a plane that is out of sight is friend or foe.
34．Which of the following products suffers from a drawback that, in its logical features, is most like the problem described above?
A. A fire alarm system with such a high heat and smoke threshold that it is likely to react too late to a developing fire.
B. An improved electronic ignition system whose superiority is limited to those rate times when it is perfectly adjusted.
C. A product marketed as a weedkiller that kills all plants to which it is applied before they resume active growth in the spring.
D. A cold medicine that relieves most symptoms of the common cold but also causes spells of dizziness.
【答案】C
【解析】推理判断题。战斗机飞行员可以在敌方视野之外打击敌方，但是问题在于无法确定对方是敌是友。也就是说如果战斗机飞行员如果直接攻击对方，无论敌友都会被消灭。这与C选项的除草剂一个道理。该除草剂一旦使用，由于不能预测来年春天生长态势，可能把不该除掉的植物也一并除掉了，故选C。
Passage 11
“On the whole,” Ms. Dennis remarked, “engineering students are lazier now than they used to be. I know because fewer and fewer of my students regularly do the work they are assigned.”
35．The conclusion drawn above depends on which of the following assumptions?
A. Engineering students are working less because, in a booming market, they are spending more and more time investigating different job opportunities.
B. Whether or not students do the work they are assigned is a good indication of how lazy they are.
C. Engineering students should work harder than students in less demanding fields.
D. Laziness is something most people do not outgrow.
36．Which of the following identifies a flaw in Ms. Dennis’ reasoning?
A. Plenty of people besides engineering students do no work as hard as they should.
B. Ms. Dennis does not consider the excuses her students may have for being lazy.
C. The argument does not propose any constructive solutions to the problem it identifies.
D. The argument assumes that Ms. Dennis’ students are representative of engineering students in general.
【答案与解析】
35．B 推理判断题。Ms. Dennis以自己学生是否按时做给他们指派的任务作为他们是否懒惰的标准，B选项含义为学生是否做指派的工作是他们多懒的一个标志。故选B。
36．D 推理判断题。Ms. Dennis以偏概全，故选D。
Passage 12
Athletic director: “Members of our sports teams included, for the fall season, 80 football players and 40 cross-country runners: for the spring season, 20 wrestlers and 40 swimmers; for the spring season, 50 track-team members and 20 lacrosse players. Each team athlete participates in his or her sport five days a week for the whole three-month season, and no athlete is on two teams during any one season. Therefore, adding these figures, we find that our team sports program serves 250 different individual athletes.”
37．In drawing the conclusion above, the athletic director fails to consider the relevant possibility that_____.
A. athletes can be on more than one team in a single season
B. athletes can be on teams in more than one season
C. some of the team sports require a larger number of athletes on the team than do others
D. more athletes participate in team sports during one season than during another.
【答案】B
【解析】推理判断题。原文中提到每个队的队员在每个季度每周需要参加五次训练，且任何一个季度运动员不能同时在两个队里，但是运动员可以在不同的季度在不同的队里，这是教练没有考虑到的。
Passage 13
Popular culture in the United States has become Europeanized to an extent unimaginable twenty-five years ago. Not many people than drank wine with meals, and no one drank imported mineral water. No idea would have been more astonishing than that American would pay to watch soccer games. Such thoughts arise because of a report that the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials has just adopted a proposal to develop the country’s first comprehensive interstate system of routes for bicycles.
38．Which of the following inferences is best supported by the passage?
A. Long-distance bicycle routes are used in Europe.
B. Drinking imported mineral water is a greater luxury than drinking imported wine.
C. United States culture has benefited from exposure to foreign ideas.
D. Most Europeans make regular use bicycles.
【答案】A
【解析】推理判断题。文中一切令人吃惊的想法均源于美国州公路及运输协会采纳的一项建议，这项建议主张在全国建造第一个州际自行车路线系统，而第一句话对此评价为“美国流行文化已经欧洲化，其程度在25年前无法想象”，说明建立州际自行车路线系统源于欧洲，故选A。
Passage 14
Superficially, college graduates in 1982 resemble college graduates of 1964; they are fairly conservatives, well dressed, and interested in tradition; they respect their parents. But there is a deep-seated difference: a majority of the members of the class of 1982 who were surveyed in their freshman year stated that making a good income was an important reason for their decision to go to college.
39．The statements in the passage above, if true, best support which of the following conclusions?
A. The concerns of college graduates of 1964 were superficial compared to the financial worries of college graduates of 1982.
B. Fewer than half the students of the class of 1964 declared as freshmen that they entered college in order to increase their earning potential.
C. Educational background did not play as significant a part in determining income in 1964 as it does in 1982.
D. A majority of the members of the class of 1964 revived their reasons for attending college between their freshman year and college education.
【答案】C
【解析】推理判断题。表面上1982年大学毕业生和1964年大学毕业生特点相同，但是大多数1982年毕业生在他们大一做调查时承认获得一份好薪水是他们上大学主要原因，这说明1982年看重文凭是因为它与薪水紧密相关，而1964年的学生没有这样的想法，说明那时学历并没有对决定工资有重要影响，故选C。
Passage 15
Many of those who advocate trimming hospital costs argue that the federal money saved by such cuts could the utilized for important social purposes: rebuilding the cities, reducing safety hazards in the workplace, preserving the environment, improving schooling, or developing better sources of energy. Their enthusiasm would be dampened if the savings were diverted to other objectives: expanding the military, balancing the budget, revitalizing the space program, or cutting capital gains taxes One cannot be confident that any useful result would by diverting funds from the hospital system.
40．The author of the passage above assumes that _____.
A. those who favor government expenditure for some social purposes oppose government expenditure in other areas.
B. federal money should not be used for rebuilding the cities and other social purposes
C. hospital costs are not excessive.
D. hospital costs should be trimmed after the projected savings have been allocated for specific purposes.
【答案】A
【解析】推理判断题。支持削减医院开支的人认为省下来的钱可以用于重要的社会建设，也就是说这些人反对政府将钱用在社会建设以外的其他地方，故选A。
Passage 16
There is extraordinary exposure in the United Sates to the risks of injury and death from motor vehicle accidents. More than 80 percent of all households own passenger cars or light trucks and each of these is driven an average of more than 11000 miles each year. Almost one-half of fatality injured drives have a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.1 percent of higher. For the average adult, over fives ounces of 80 proof spirits would have to be consumed over a short period of time to attain these levels. A third of drivers who have been drinking, but fewer than 4 percent of all drivers, demonstrate these levels. Although less than 1 percent of drivers with BACs of 0.1 percent or more are involved in fatal crashes, the probability of their involvement is 27 times higher than for those without alcohol in their blood.
There are a number of different approaches to reducing injuries in which intoxication plays a role. Based on the observation that excessive consumption correlates with the total alcohol consumption of a country’s population, it has been suggested that higher taxes on alcohol would reduce both. While the heaviest drinkers would be taxed the most, anyone who drinks at all would be penalized by this approach.
To make drinking and driving a criminal offense is an approach directed only at intoxicated drivers. In some states, the law empowers police to request breath tests of drivers cited for any traffic offense and elevated BAC can be the basis for arrest. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration estimates, however, that even with increased arrests, there are about 700 violations for every arrest. At this level there is little evidence that laws serve as deterrents to driving while intoxicated. In Britain, motor vehicle fatalities fell 25 percent immediately following implementation of the Road Safety Act in 1967. As the British increasingly recognized that they could drink and not be stopped, the effectiveness declined, although in the ensuing three years the fatality rate seldom reached that observed in the seven years prior to the Act.
Whether penalties for driving with a high BAC or excessive taxation on consumption of alcoholic beverages will deter the excessive drinker responsible for most fatalities is unclear. In part, the answer depends on the extent to which those with high BACs involved in crashes are capable of controlling their intake in response to economic or penal threat. Therapeutic programs which range from individual and group counseling and psychotherapy to chemotherapy constitute another approach, but they have not diminished the proportion of accidents in which alcohol was a factor. In the few controlled trials that have been reported, there is little evidence that rehabilitation programs for those repeatedly arrested for drunken behavior have reduced either the recidivism or crash rates. Thus far, there is no firm evidence that Alcohol Safety Action Project supported programs, in which rehabilitation measures are requested by the court, have decreased recidivism or crash involvement for clients exposed to them, although knowledge and attitudes have improved. One thing is clear, however, unless we deal with automobile and highway safety and reduce accidents in which alcoholic intoxication plays a role, many will continue to die.
41．The author is primarily concerned with_____.
A. interpreting the results of surveys on traffic fatalities
B. reviewing the effectiveness of attempts to curb drunk driving
C. suggesting reasons for the prevalence of drunk driving in the United States
D. making an international comparison of U.S. and Britain
42．It can be inferred that the 1967 Road Safely Act in Britain_____.
A. changed an existing law to lower the BAC level which defined driving while intoxicated
B. made it illegal to drive while intoxicated
C. placed a tax on the sale of alcoholic drinks
D. required drivers convicted under the law to undergo rehabilitation therapy
43．The author implies that a BAC of 0.1 percent_____.
A. is unreasonably high as a definition of intoxication for purposes of driving
B. penalizes the moderate drinker while allowing the heavy drinker to consume without limit
C. will operate as an effective deterrent to over 90 percent of the people who might drink and drive.
D. proves that a driver has consumed five ounces of 80 proof spirits over a short time
44．With which of the following statements about making driving while intoxicated a criminal offense versus increasing taxes on alcohol consumption would the author most likely agree?
A. Making driving while intoxicated a criminal offense is preferable to increased taxes on alcohol because the former is aimed only at those who abuse alcohol by driving while intoxicated.
B. Increased taxation on alcohol consumption is likely to be more effective in reducing traffic fatalities because taxation covers all consumers and not just those who drive.
C. Since neither increased taxation nor enforcement of criminal laws against drunk drivers is likely to have any significant impact, neither measure is warranted.
D. Because arrests of intoxicated drives have proved to be expensive and administratively cumbersome, increased taxation on alcohol is the most promising means of reducing traffic fatalities.
45．The author cites the British example in order to_____.
A. show that the problem of drunk driving is worse in Britain than in the U.S.
B. prove that stricter enforcement of laws against intoxicated drivers would reduce traffic deaths
C. prove that a slight increase in the numbers of arrests of intoxicated drivers will not deter drunk driving.
D. demonstrate the need to lower BAC levels in states that have laws against drunk driving
46．Which of the following, if true, most weakens the author’s statement that the effectiveness of proposals to stop the intoxicated driver depends, in part, on the extent to which the high BAC driver can control his or her intake?
A. Even if the heavy drinker cannot control intake, criminal laws against driving while intoxicated can deter him or her from driving while intoxicated.
B. Rehabilitation programs aimed at drivers convicted of driving while intoxicated have not significantly reduced traffic fatalities.
C. Many traffic fatalities are caused by factors unrelated to the excessive consumption of alcohol by the driver involved.
D. Even though severe penalties may not deter the intoxicated driver, these laws will punish him or her for the harm caused by driving while intoxicated.
47．The author’s closing remarks can best be described as_____.
A. ironic
B. indifferent
C. admonitory
D. indecisive
【答案与解析】
41．B 主旨大意题。第一段简单介绍酒驾的衡量方法。第二段提出解决措施。最后两段就措施的有效性进行充分讨论，故文章重点在后两段，选B。
42．B 推理判断题。根据此段第一句话“将醉驾规定为犯罪行为只对喝醉的司机有效”，又英国1967年实施“道路安全法”的例子出现在这一段，那么可以推断该法律规定酒驾是违法的，故选B。
43．A 推理判断题。根据第一段第三句，实际上造成重大伤亡事故的司机有差不多总量的一半，这些司机血液中酒精含量高于0.1%。根据第一段倒数第二句，三分之一的司机有经常喝酒的习惯，而全部司机中检测出血液中酒精含量超标的司机只有不到4%，而检验出血液中酒精含量超标的司机造成重大伤亡事故的只有不到1%。实际造成事故的有一半，能检验出血液超标的却不到4%，这说明0.1%的检验标准定得高了。
44．C 细节辨析题。将酒驾定为犯罪行为和提高酒精饮料价格是两种方法。第三段倒数第三句和第四段第一句话指出，这两种方法对于遏制酒驾的效果不明显，故选C。
45．B 推理判断题。由于此段与将醉驾规定为犯罪行为有关，此例成功降低车祸事故伤亡则证明了严格对醉驾实施惩罚是有效果的，故选B。
46．D 推理判断题。该题题意可以结合最后一段第二句话理解，题意为“作者认为阻止酒驾的方法的有效性部分依赖于司机能多大程度上减少酒精摄入量。假如以下四个选项为真，哪一个最能反驳作者的观点？”酒驾易造成事故是探讨阻止酒驾方法有效性（即交通伤亡的数量问题）的充分条件，反之则是必要条件。A选项“即使酒鬼无法控制酒精摄入量，有关酒驾的刑法也能阻止驾驶员酒后驾驶。”否定了必要条件（阻止酒驾方法），肯定了充分条件（酒驾）。B选项“酒驾司机接受康复计划后也没有显著减少交通伤亡”提出了另一种方法阻止酒驾，而不是减少酒精摄入量，与作者观点不同，无法比较，故排除。C选项“许多交通伤亡事故不是由酒驾引起的”否定了充分条件，肯定了必要条件。D选项“即使严酷的惩罚不能阻止酒驾，法律依旧会惩罚因酒驾造成危害的人”，其含义可以解读为，无论阻止酒驾方法有没有效，只要有酒驾造成危害，那么该司机就会被惩罚，也就没有必要谈论阻止酒驾是否有效的问题，故选D。
47．D 作者观点题。最后一句翻译为“有一件事可以肯定，除非我们处理汽车和高速公速的安全问题，减少因酒驾而引起的事故，还会有许多人死去”，这是一个并没有下定论的句子，故选D。
Passage 17
War has escaped the battlefield and now can, with modern guidance systems on missiles, touch virtually every square yard of the earth’s surface. War has also lost most of its utility in achieving the traditional goals of conflict. Control of territory carries with it the obligation to provide subject peoples certain administrative, health, education, and other social services; such obligations far outweight the benefits of control. If the ruled population is ethnically or racially different from the rulers, tensions and chronic unrest often exist which further reduce the benefits and increase the costs of domination. Large populations no longer necessarily enhance state power and, in the absence of high levels of economic development, can impose severe burdens on food supply, jobs, and the broad range of services expected of modern governments. The noneconomic security reasons for the control of territory have been progressively undermined by the advances of modern technology. The benefits of forcing another nation to surrender its wealth are vastly outproduced by the benefits of persuading that nation to produce and exchange goods and services. In brief, imperialism no longer pays.
Making war has been one of the most persistent of human activities in the 80 centuries since men and women settled in cities and thereby became “civilized,” but the modernization of the past 80 years has fundamentally changed the role and function of war. In premodernized societies, successful warfare brought significant material rewards, the most obvious of which were the stored wealth of the defeated. Equally important was human labor, -- control over people as slaves or levies for the victor’s army, and there was the productive capacity – agricultural lands and mines. Successful warfare also produced psychic benefits. The removal or destruction of a threat brought a sense of security, and power gained over others created pride and national self-esteem.
War was accepted in the premodernized society as a part of the human condition, a mechanism of change, and an unavoidable, even noble, aspect of life. The excitement and drama of war made it a vital part of literature and legends.
48．According to the passage, leaders of premodernized society considered war to be_____.
A. a valid tool of national policy
B. an immoral act of aggression
C. economically wasteful and socially unfeasible
D. restricted in scope to military participants
49．the author most likely places the word “civilized” in the second paragraph in order to_____.
A. show dissatisfaction at not having found a better word
B. acknowledge that his word was borrowed from another source
C. express irony that war should be a part of civilization
D. impress upon the reader the tragedy of war
50．The author mentions all of the following as possible reasons for going to war in a premodernized society EXCEPT_____.
A. possibility of material gain
B. total annihilation of the enemy and destruction of enemy territory
C. potential for increasing the security of the nation
D. desire to capture productive farming lands
51．Which of the following best describes the tone of the passage?
A. Scientific and detached
B. Outraged and indignant
C. Humorous and wry
D. Fearful and alarmed
【答案与解析】
48．A 细节理解题。从最后两段可以看出，战争在现代化前期社会还是很受欢迎的，B、C、D都是对战争不好的描述，故排除，选A。
49．C 细节理解题。第二段第一句，“八千年来，自从人类步入‘文明’社会，战争就是一个持续性的人类活动”，用引号是嘲讽用文明形容好战的人类社会，故选C。
50．B 细节理解题。倒数第二段提到战争在现代化前期社会受欢迎的原因有安全、财富、粮食、土地、矿产以及民族自豪和民族自尊。并没有提到发动战争是因为完全毁灭敌方人民和国家，故选B。
51．A 作者观点题。全文以客观的口吻、科学的态度叙述战争的历史地位变革，并没有明显的主观色彩，故选A。
Passage 18
Why would anyone want to set aside a day to honor a lowly little grounding? The answer to that question is not certain, but a group of people get together every February 2 in Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania, to watch Punxsutawney “Pete” leave his burrow. What “Pete” does next, many believe, will indicate whether spring is just around the corner or a long way off. You see, in Pennsylvania on this date there is usually a great deal of snow on the ground, and the little animal has been hibernating during the long, cold winter. He gorged himself during the autumn months and then went into his burrow for a long sleep, his body fat helping keep him alive. But as he emerges on February 2, he looks very thin. If the sun is shining brightly and he sees his shadow, according to legend, it scares him back into his home where he will stay another six weeks. Should it be cloudy and gray, the little animal will supposedly wander around for food—a sure sign that spring is near. While many believe in the grounding’s predictions, it is unwise to accept them as factual.
52．According to this reading, why do people gather every year to observe the grounding?
A. He’s cute and playful, and children love to watch him.
B. He’s looking for food and the people want to help him find it in the snow.
C. Many people believe him to be a harbinger of spring.
D. The people want to be sure he is alive after such a long winter.
53．How does the grounding manage to stay alive during the long winter?
A. People set out food for him
B. His stored body fat sustain him
C. He wakes up on nice days and hunts for food.
D. It is a mystery as yet unsolved.
54．Which of the following is NOT true?
A. Animals have a certain instinct which helps them predict the seasons.
B. According to the legend, the groundhog leaves his burrow on February 2.
C. Groups of people in Pennsylvania wait for the groundhog’s predictions.
D. After his long period of hibernation, the groundhog looks very thin.
55．What prediction does the grounding supposedly make?
A. If he sees his shadow, it will soon be spring.
B. If he sees his shadow, spring will not arrive for another six weeks.
C. If he does not see his shadow, spring will arrive in six weeks.
D. If he does not see his shadow, all the snow will disappear immediately.
【答案与解析】
52．C 细节理解题。第三句话指出，许多人相信土拨鼠出洞后的举动能够预测春天是否临近，因而人们每年聚在一起去看它，故选C。
53．B 细节理解题。倒数第五句“它的脂肪帮它过冬”可知选B。
54．A 细节理解题。文章中并不是土拨鼠通过自身天性帮助它们预言什么，只是人们的想法而已。
55．B 细节理解题。倒数第二、三句介绍了预言的内容，即如果太阳出来照出土拨鼠的影子来，土拨鼠看到会被吓回洞里去再呆六周，预示着春天还要再过六周才回来。如果是多云的天气，土拨鼠看不到他的影子，就会四处觅食，则预示着春天马上就会到来，故选B。
Passage 19
When buying a house, you must be sure to have it checked for termites. A termite is much like an ant in its communal habits, although physically the two insects are distinct.
Like those of ants, termite colonies consist of different classes, each with its own particular job. The most perfectly formed termites, both male and female, make up the reproductive class. They have eyes, hard body walls, and fully developed wings. A pair of reproductive termites founds the colony. They use their wings only this one time and then break them off.
The worker termites are small, blind, and wingless, with soft bodies. They make up the majority of the colony and do all the work. Soldiers are also wingless and blind but are larger than the workers and have hard heads and strong jaws and legs. They defend the colony and are cared for by the workers.
The male and female of the reproductive class remain inside a closed-in cell where the female lays thousands of eggs. The workers place the eggs in cells and care for them.
56．How are termites like ants?
A. They live in communities, and each class has a specific duty.
B. Their bodies are the same shape.
C. The king and queen are imprisoned.
D. The females’ reproductive capacities are the same.
57．Which of the following is NOT true?
A. All termites have eyes.
B. Some termites cannot fly.
C. Workers are smaller than soldiers.
D. Termites do not fly often.
58．Which of the following statements is probably true?
A. Thousands of termites may move together to develop a new colony.
B. The male and female reproductives do not venture outdoors except to form a new colony.
C. There are more soldiers than workers.
D. A worker could easily kill a soldier.
【答案与解析】
56．A 细节理解题。根据第一段第二句话，白蚁和蚂蚁都有群居习惯，故选A。
57．A 细节理解题。根据第三段工蚁和兵蚁都是没有眼睛的，故选A。
58．B 细节理解题。根据最后一段第一句话，用于生殖的雌蚁和雄蚁是在一个密闭的巢室内，因此不能出去，故选B。
Passage 20
In recent years, there has been an increasing awareness of the inadequacies of the judicial system in the United States. Costs are staggering both for the taxpayers and the litigants—and the litigants, or parties, have to wait sometimes many years before having their day in court. Many suggestions have been made concerning methods of ameliorating the situation, but as in most branches of government, changes come slowly.
One suggestion that has been made in order to maximize the efficiency of the system is to allow districts that have an overabundance of pending cases to borrow judges from other districts that do not have such a backlog. Another suggestion is to use pretrial conferences, in which the judge meets in his chambers with the litigants and their attorneys in order to narrow the issues, limit the witnesses, and provide for a more orderly trial. The theory behind pretrial conferences is that judges will spend less time on each case and parties will more readily settle before trial when they realize the adequacy of the claims and their opponents’ evidence. Unfortunately, at least one study has shown that pretrial conferences actually use more judicial time than they save, rarely result in pretrial settlements, and actually result in higher damage settlements.
Many states have now established another method, small-claims courts, in which cases over small sums of money can be disposed of with considerable dispatch. Such proceedings cost the litigants almost nothing. In California, for example, the parties must appear before the judge without the assistance of counsel. The proceedings are quite informal and there is no pleading—the litigants need to make only a one-sentence statements of their claim. By going to this type of court, the plaintiff waives any right to a jury trial and the right to appeal the decision.
In coming years, we can expect to see more and more innovations in the continuing effort to remedy a situation which must be remedied if the citizens who have valid claims are going to be able to have their day in court.
59．The pretrial conference, in theory, is supposed to do all of the following except_____.
A. narrow the issues
B. save judicial time
C. cause early settlements
D. increase settlement costs
60．What is the main the topic of the passage?
A. All states should follow California’s example in using small-claims courts in order to free judges for other work.
B. The legislature needs to formulate fewer laws so that the judiciary can catch up on its older cases.
C. Nobody seems to care enough to attempt to find methods for making the judicial system more efficient.
D. While there are many problems with the court system, there are viable suggestions for improvement.
61．The word litigants means most nearly_____.
A. jury members
B. commentators
C. parties in a lawsuit
D. taxpayers
62．Which of the following is true about small-claims courts?
A. It is possible to have one’s case heard by a jury if he or she is dissatisfied with the court’s decision.
B. The litigants must plead accurately and according to a strict form.
C. The decision may not be appealed to a higher court.
D. The parties may not present their cases without an attorney’s help.
63．What can we assume from the passage?
A. Most people who feel they have been wronged have a ready remedy in courts of law.
B. Many people would like to bring a case to court, but are unable to because of the cost and time required.
C. The judicial system in the United States is highly acclaimed for its efficiency.
D. Pretrial conferences will someday probably have replaced trials completely.
【答案与解析】
59．D 细节理解题。根据第二段第二、三句话，理论上审前会议可以减少时间从而提前结束审判以及大事化小小事化了，并没有提到会增加解决案件问题的费用，故选D。
60．D 主旨大意题。第一段提出美国司法体系有问题，第二、三段提出改善建议，最后一段是对美国司法体系的展望，故此题选D。
61．C 词义猜测题。litigants首次出现在第一段第二句话，其后有parties作解释。parties表示双方，在司法中可以说是原告和被告双方，故选C。litigant诉讼当事人。
62．C 细节理解题。如果小额索偿法院，诉讼当事人自然就不会再去更高级法院起诉了，故选C。
63．B 推理判断题。根据第一段第二、三句话可知，一个案件往往因费用和时间问题而得不到解决，故选B。
Passage 21
In 1971, the great Persian Empire celebrated the 2500th anniversary of its founding. Its founder was Cyrus the Great, who proclaimed himself the King of Kings. His son Cambyses succeeded him, conquering Egypt and expanding the empire. Darius I followed Cambyses and was probably the most famous of this long line of kings. Under his rule, the empire stretched as far as India. Governors were placed in charge of the provinces. Extensive systems of roads and waterways improved communication throughout the realm. He was one of a few ancient rulers who permitted his subjects to worship as they wished, the magnificent city of Persepolis, founded under his direction in 518 B.C., was a ceremonial center then as well as in the 1970’s.
64．Who is considered the founder of the Persian Empire?
A. Persepolis
B. Cyrus
C. Darius I
D. Cambyses
65．In what year was the Persian Empire founded?
A. 2500 B.C.
B. 518 B.C.
C. 529 B.C.
D. 971 B.C.
66．Who was the predecessor of Cambyses?
A. Egypt
B. Darius I
C. Persepolis
D. Cyrus
67．Which of the following best describes the empire under Darius I?
A. ceremonial
B. bellicose
C. punitive
D. progressive
【答案与解析】
64．B 细节理解题。第二句话指出居鲁士大帝是波斯帝国的创建者，故选B。
65．C 细节理解题。第一句话指出1971年波斯帝国庆祝建国2500周年，按此推算应选C。
66．D 细节理解题。冈比西斯的前辈是他的父亲居鲁士，故选D。
67．D 细节理解题。在大流士的统治下，波斯帝国疆土扩大到印度边境，水路、陆路四通八达，大流士还允许臣民们自由信教，国家发展的很好，progressive先进的，符合题意，故选D。ceremonial仪式的 bellicose好战的。punitive惩罚性的。
Passage 22
Historians have only recently begun to note the increase in demand for luxury goods and services that took place in 18th century England. McKendrick had explored the Wedgwood firm’s remarkable success in marketing luxury pottery; Plumb has written about the proliferation of provincial theaters, musical festivals, and children’s toys and books. While the fact of this consumer revolution is hardly in doubt, three key questions remain: Who were the consumer? What were their motives? And what were the effects of the new demand for luxuries?
An answer to the first of these has been difficult to obtain. Although it has been possible to infer from the goods and services actually produced what manufacturers and servicing trades thought their customers wanted, only a study of relevant personal documents written by actual consumers will provide a precise picture of who wanted what. We still need to know how large this consumer market war and how far down the social scale the consumer demand for luxury goods penetrated. With regard to this last question, we might note in passing that Thompson, while rightly restoring laboring people to the stage of eighteenth-century English history, has probably exaggerated the opposition in general; for example, laboring people in 18th century England readily shifted from home-brewed beer to standardized beer produced by huge, heavily capitalized urban breweries.
To answer the question of why consumers became so eager to buy, some historians have pointed to the ability of manufacturers to advertise in a relatively uncensored press. This, however, hardly seems a sufficient answer. McKendrick favors a Velen model of conspicuous consumption stimulated by competition for status. The “middling sort” bought goods and services because they wanted to follow fashions set by the rich. Again, we may wonder whether this explanation is sufficient. Do not people enjoy buying things as a form of self-gratification? If so, consumerism could be seen as a product of the rise of new concepts of individualism and materialism, but not necessarily of the frenzy for conspicuous competition.
Finally, what were the consequences of this consumer demand for luxuries? McKendrick claims that it goes a long way toward explaining the coming of the Industrial Revolution. But does it? What, for example, does the production of high-quality pottery and toys have to do with the development of iron manufacture of textile mills? It is perfectly possible to have the psychology and reality of a consumer society without a heavy industrial sector.
The future exploration of these key question is undoubtedly necessary. It should not, however, diminish the force of the conclusion of recent studies: the insatiable demand in eighteenth-century England for frivolous as well as useful goods and services foreshadows our own world.
68．In the first paragraph, the author mentions McKendrick and Plumb most probably in order to_____.
A. contrast their views on the luxury consumerism in 18th century England.
B. indicate the inadequacy of the traditional approaches to 18th century history.
C. support the contention that key questions about 18th –century consumerism remain unanswered.
D. give examples of historians who have explored the 18th –century consumerism in England.
69．Concerning the answer to who the consumers are, the writer seems to_____.
A. doubt that laboring people were also involved in the consumer revolution.
B. exaggerate the extent of the demand for luxury goods.
C. agree with Thompson on the scale of the market.
D. prefer home-brewed beer to standardized beer produced by urban breweries.
70．According to the Velen model, the “middle sort” of customers bought luxury goods to_____.
A. gratify themselves
B. show individualism
C. keep up with the Joneses
D. boast of their wealth
【答案与解析】
68．D 细节理解题。第一段第一句话提到历史学家最近才注意到18世纪英国人对奢侈消费的增加，紧接着列出这两个历史学家研究的18世纪英国的消费情况，说明作者提及他们是为举例说明第一句话。
69．A 细节辨析题。根据第二段最后一句话“有关奢侈品需求增加的作用问题，通过使劳动人民重返18世纪英国历史舞台，会发现汤普森基本夸大了消费者。比如，18世纪英国工人能轻松的从自家酿酒作坊转换至生产标准化啤酒的大型资本化城市啤酒厂。”从这一点可以看出消费者革命不仅使消费者对奢侈品需求增加，也使得大工厂对工人的需求增加，使工人能获得更好的工作，故选A。
70．D 细节理解题。第三段第四句话，中产阶级消费者买奢侈品是为了跟随富人引领的时尚潮流，以彰显自己不俗的经济实力，故选D。keep up with the Joneses (在社会地位和物质生活方面)与左邻右舍攀比；互相攀比。
Part Two Linguistics 30分
1．Please list the types of antonymy in language, and then try to account for the sense relations in each type of antonymy with examples.（10分）
【答案】
(1) Antonyms are usually divided into two main types: those which are gradable, and those which are “non-gradable”.
(2) Gradable antonyms, such as the pair big/small, can be used in comparative constructions like bigger than/smaller than. Also, the negative of one member of the gradable pair does not necessarily imply the other. For example, if you say that dog is not old, you do not have to mean that dog is young.
(3) With non-gradable antonyms, they can also be divided into two types: complementary antonyms and converse antonyms. Complementary antonyms are complementary to each other. They divide up the whole of a semantic field completely. Not only the assertion of one means the denial of the other, but the denial of one also means the assertion of the other. Comparative constructions are not normally used in this type of antonyms (the expression deader or more dead sound strange), and the negative of one member does imply the other. For example, that person is not dead does indeed mean that person is alive.
(4) Converse antonymy is a special type of antonymy in that the members of a pair do not constitute a positive-negative opposition. They show the reversal of a relationship between two entities. This type of antonymy is typically seen in reciprocal social roles, kinship relations, temporal and spatial relations. It is in this sense that they are also known as relational opposites. There are always two entities involved. One presupposes the other. Pairs of words like buy/sell, lend/borrow, give/receive, husband/wife belong to this type of antonyms. This is the major difference between this type and the previous two.
【解析】本题考查反义关系。反义关系主要有三种类型：等级反义关系，互补反义关系和反向反义关系。分别解释每种反义关系的含义，并结合具体的反义词例子进行阐释。
2．How many types of morphemes are there in the English language? What are they?（5分）
【答案】
(1) There are two types of morphemes according to a broad distinction and they are free morphemes and bound morphemes.
(2) Free morphemes are morphemes that can stand by themselves as single words, e.g. open and tour. Free morphemes can be further divided to lexical morphemes, e.g. boy, and functional morphemes, e.g. and. Bound morphemes are those that cannot normally stand alone, but are typically attached to another form.
(3) Bound morphemes can be distinguished in two sets: one is derivational morphemes, e.g. –ness, and the other is inflectional morphemes, e.g. –s. Inflectional morphemes do not change the word class of the word but only add a minute or delicate grammatical meaning to the stem. Derivational morphemes often change the lexical meaning and the word class. In English, inflectional morphemes are mostly suffixes such as -s in drums, walks, Mary’s, but derivational morphemes can be prefixes such as sub-, on-, de- in words suburban, online, depart or suffix such as -er and -able in words teacher and workable.
【解析】本题考查语素的相关知识。英语中主要有两种语素：自由语素和黏着语素，黏着语素又分为屈折语素和派生语素。分别解释这些语素的含义，并结合具体的例子进行说明。
3．What do you think are the basic requirements of a good language test?（5分）
【答案】
A good language test should have the following characteristics:
(1) Validity which refers to measurement and assessment. They must reflect what the teacher wants the class to learn. This is usually a judgmental decision.
(2) Reliability is the accuracy of measurement. It is a technical problem. It should be close to precise.
(3) Discrimination is the feature of a test that demonstrates the capacity to reflect difference in the performances of individuals in a group.
(4) Avoid the “backwash effect” which refers to the effect of testing on an instructor’s teaching methods previously done. For example: A teacher who tests on correct sentence structure may inhibit free-flowing conversation from his students.
(5) Item analysis refers to the consideration of the results obtained from objective testing. This is for the purpose of providing valuable information concerning the effectiveness of teaching on a group of students/individual and the evaluation of the items contained in the test. In conclusion, a test should be constructed with the goal of having students learn from their weaknesses. It will locate the exact areas of difficulties experienced by the class or the individual student so that assistance in the form of additional practice and corrective exercises can be given. The instructor can evaluate the effectiveness of the syllabus as well as the methods and materials he or she is using.
【解析】本题考查语言测试的特点。语言测试应具有以下几个特点：有效性，可信度，差别性，灵活性和客观性，应将语言测试和语言教学相联系进行分析。
4．What are the four maxims in the Cooperative Principle? Please use examples to show that conversational implicature can arise when the maxims are violated.（10分）
【答案】
(1) The four maxims of Cooperative Principle are maxims of quantity, quality, relation and manner. Quantity means to make your contribution as informative as it required, but not more or less than is required. Quality means not to say that which you believe to be false or for which you lack evidence. Relation means to be relevant. Manner means to be clear, brief and orderly.
(2) For example, when Carol asks Lara if she is going to the party tonight, Lara answers, “I’ve got an exam tomorrow.” Though Lara does not answer the question directly by saying yes or no, Carol can interpret that she is saying no. Thus, Lara’s answer is not simply a statement of tomorrow’s activities but it contains an implication by violating the maxim of relevance. When A asks B “where is C” and B answers that “C has gone to the library. He said so when he left”, then B clearly violates the maxim of quantity because B gives more information than is required but at the same time B follows the maxim of quality because B isn’t sure if C really went to the library. On the other hand, such sentence as “he is made of iron” violates the maxim of quality clearly because no natural human is made of iron, but it is true when it is interpreted as a metaphor. Besides, in the case that the father says “let’s get the kids something” and the mother responds with “okay, but I veto i-c-e-c-r-e-a-m” is a violation of maxim of manner, which expresses the implicature that the mother doesn’t want the children to understand what they are talking about through this obscure way of speaking.
(3) Thus it can be seen that the blatant or obvious violation of the maxims of CP usually generates some conversational implicature.
【解析】本题考查合作原则和会话含义理论。首先解释合作原则四个准则的含义，然后给出具体的例子来证明，对这些准则的违反往往会产生会话含义。
Part Three Literature 50分
I. Name the authors of the following works or lines of poems: (10分)
1．Lady chatterley’s Lover
【答案】D. H. Lawrence
【解析】《查泰莱夫人的情人》是英国作家D.H.劳伦斯的小说。
2．The Heart of Darkness
【答案】Joseph Conrad
【解析】《黑暗之心》是约瑟夫·康拉德的重要小说作品之一。
3．The Last of Mohicans
【答案】James Fennimore Cooper
【解析】《最后的莫希干人》是库柏的代表作边疆五部曲《皮裹腿故事集》中最出色的一部。
4．The Sun Also Rises
【答案】Ernest Hemingway
【解析】《太阳照样升起》是海明威的第一本小说。
5．I am the poet of the Body and I am the poet of the Soul.
【答案】Walt Whitman
【解析】“我是肉体的诗人，也是灵魂的诗人”选自惠特曼的《草叶集》。
6．Much Madness is divinest Sense-/ To a discerning eye-
【答案】Emily Dickinson
【解析】“许多疯狂是最神圣的理智对于明辨真理的眼睛”选自狄金森的《许多疯狂是最神圣的理智》。
7．I took the one less traveled by, / And that has made all the difference.
【答案】Robert Frost
【解析】“我选择了少有人走的那条路，它造就了所有的不同”选自弗罗斯特的《未选择的路》。
8．The Trumpet of a prophecy! O, Wind, / If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?
【答案】Percy Bysshe Shelley
【解析】“吹响一个预言！呵，西风，如果冬天已到，难道春天还用久等？”选自雪莱的《西风颂》。
9．Do I dare/Disturb the universe? / In a minute there is time for decisions and revisions which a minute will reverse.
【答案】T. S. Eliot
【解析】“我是否敢于/扰乱这个宇宙空间?/ 在一分钟里会有时间/去做一个决定和修订,好在下一分钟里推翻”选自艾略特的《普鲁弗洛克情歌》。
10．Alone, alone, all, all alone,/ Alone on a wide, wide sea!
【答案】Samuel Taylor Coleridge
【解析】所给诗句选自塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治的《古舟子咏》，是柯勒律治最著名的作品，集中体现了诗人本人的思想和艺术特色。
II. Answer ONE of the two questions concerning American literature: (7分)
1．How is the spiritual and moral state of the young people after the First World War as reflected in American fiction?
【答案】
(1) There was a spiritual crisis after WWI, which is reflected in American fiction. The Jazz Age of the 1920s characterized by frivolity and carelessness is brought vividly to life in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby, in which the idea of “seize the day” or “enjoy the present” is pervasive, and people take part in parties every night, drinking and playing games. Hemingway dramatizes in his novels the sense of loss and despair among the postwar generation who are physically and psychologically scarred. They have no hope or purpose in life, become less certain about what might arise in the changing world and more cynical about accepted standards of honesty and morality. People give loose to their sexual desire and seize every day to enjoy themselves.
(2) Faulkner creates his own mythical kingdom that mirrors not only the decline of the Southern society but also the spiritual wasteland of the whole American society. Besides, writers like Sherwood Anderson, Sinclair Lewis, and John Steinbeck contributed a great deal to modern American literature in their different treatments of the subjects that concerned the modern man. Anderson explores the motivations and frustrations of his fictional characters in terms of Freud’s theory of psychology, particularly in one book Winesburg, Ohio, in which individuals in the small community are depicted as socially alienated and emotionally suppressed, unable to love or to be loved. In contrast, Lewis is a sociological writer and his Babbit presents a documentary picture of the narrow and limited middle-class mind, especially that of the middle-class businessmen. John Steinbeck is a representative of the 1930s. His The Grapes of Wrath proves to be a symbolic journey of man on the way to finding some truth about life and himself, and a record of the dispossessed and the wretched farmers during the Great Depression as well.
【解析】本题考查一战后年轻一代的精神和道德状态。可以从这一时期美国文学的特点和主题进行阐释。
2．What do you think of American romantic writers who wrote between 1820 and 1861? What are their similarities and differences?
【答案】
(1) The Romantic period, one of the most important periods in the history of American literature, stretches from the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of the Civil War. Romantic writers place increasing value on the free expression of emotion and displayed increasing attention to the psychic states of their characters. Imaginative literature becomes intense, personal, and symbolic as more writers come to perceive themselves not as mere literary craftsmen following the ordered rules of neoclassic literature but as prophets and seers. This period also witnesses the great movement—transcendentalism, which influences America in every aspect. Due to the achievements of Romantic writers during this period, it is also called “the American Renaissance.”
(2) American Romanticists during this period were shaped by their New World environment and an array of ideas inherited from the romantic traditions of Europe. They shared certain general characteristics: moral enthusiasm, faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perception, and a presumption that the natural world was a source of goodness and man’s societies a source of corruption. Besides, the Puritan influence over American Romanticism was conspicuously noticeable. One of the manifestations is the fact that American romantic writers tended more to moralize than their English and European counterparts.
(3) They differ in their subjects of works. The diversity of their subject ranges from the comic fables of Washington Irving to the Gothic tales of Edgar Allen Poe, from the frontier adventures of James Fenimore Cooper to the narrative quests of Herman Melville, from the psychological romances of Nathaniel Hawthorne to the social realism of Rebecca Harding Davis. American Romanticists also differ in their understanding of human nature. To the transcendentalists such as Emerson and Thoreau, man is divine in nature and therefore forever perfectible; but to Hawthorn and Melville, everybody is potentially a sinner, and great moral courage is therefore indispensable for the improvement of human nature, as is shown in Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter.
【解析】本题考查美国浪漫主义文学的相关知识。早期的超验主义作家和后期的浪漫主义作家在风格上和主题上有所不同，可以从这个角度进行分析阐释。
III. Answer ONE of the two questions concerning British literature: (7分)
1．Give a brief account of the central theme and the significance of Shakespeare’s tragedy Hamlet.
【答案】The central theme of Hamlet is the impossibility of certainty and the complexity of action. It is a play about indecisiveness and about Hamlet’s failure to act appropriately. His action is continually postponed while he tries to obtain more certain knowledge about what he is doing, what he will do and how to do it best. In Hamlet, the question of how to act is affected not only by rational considerations, such as the need for certainty, but also by emotional, ethical, and psychological factors. Hamlet himself appears to distrust the idea that it’s even possible to act in a controlled, purposeful way. When he does act, he prefers to do it blindly, recklessly, and violently. The play shows us how many uncertainties our lives are built upon, how many unknown quantities are taken for granted when people act or when they evaluate one another’s actions.
【解析】本题考查莎士比亚的戏剧《哈姆雷特》的主题和意义。该戏剧具有强烈的人文主义色彩，可以以此着手进行分析。
2．State briefly the difference between the “Lake Poets” (Wordsworth and Coleridge) and the more socially-and historically-concerned romantic poets such as Byron and Shelley. Prove your points with specific evidence from their poems.
【答案】
(1) English Romanticism is a revolt of the English imagination against the neoclassical reason. The French Revolution of 1789-1794 and the English Industrial Revolution exert great influence on English Romanticism. The romanticists express a negative attitude towards the existing social or political conditions. They place the individual at the center of art, as can be seen from Lord Byron’s Byronic Hero. The key words of English Romanticism are nature and imagination. English Romanticists tend to be nationalistic, defending the greatest English writers. They argue that poetry should be free from all rules.
(2) Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey were known as Lake Poets because they lived and knew one another in the last few years of the 18th century in the district of the great lakes in Northwestern England. The former two published The Lyrical Ballads together in 1798, while all three of them had radical inclinations in their youth but later turned conservative and received pensions and poet laureateships from the aristocracy. Other greatest Romantic poets are: John Keats, P.B. Shelley and G. G. Byron. They are referred to as Satanic Poets by Robert Southey for their violent imagination and rebellious spirit.
(3) Wordsworth’s fame lies chiefly in his short poems. His short poems fall into two categories: poems about nature and poems about human life. He is a worshipper of nature. It is nature that gives him strength and knowledge full of grace. His best known poems of nature include: I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud, and To the Cuckoo, which are distinguished by the simplicity and purity of his language. On the other hand, Shelley grew up with revolutionary ideas under the influence of Hume and Godwin. He held a life-long aversion to cruelty, injustice, authority and institutional religion. Shelley is one of the greatest English lyrical poets. He expresses his love for freedom and his hatred towards tyranny. His poems abound with personification, metaphor and other figures of speech. Shelley is one of the most important dramatists of English Romanticism. His greatest achievement in theater lies in his poetic drama Prometheus Unbound. Thus it can be concluded that those Lake Poets is more conservative than the later romanticists and they show different styles and themes in their works.
【解析】本题考查英国浪漫主义文学的特点。首先简要介绍英国浪漫主义文学的总体特点，然后分别从早期湖畔诗人和后期激进的浪漫主义诗人的作品特点进行比较。
IV. Describe and make a comment on TWO of the following characters from English literature (1-4) and ANOTHER TWO from American literature (5-8):（16分）
1．Beowulf
【答案】Beowulf exemplifies the traits of the perfect hero in the poem, Beowulf. The poem explores his heroism in two separate phases—youth and age—and through three separate and increasingly difficult conflicts—with Grendel, Grendel’s mother, and the dragon. He is characterized by his feats of strength and courage. He also perfectly embodies the manners and values dictated by the Germanic heroic code, including loyalty, courtesy, and pride.
2．Gulliver
【答案】Gulliver is the narrator and protagonist of Gulliver’s Travel. Although Lemuel Gulliver’s vivid and detailed style of narration makes it clear that he is intelligent and well educated, his perceptions are naïve and gullible. He has virtually no emotional life, or at least no awareness of it and his comments are strictly factual. Gulliver never thinks that the absurdities he encounters are funny and never makes the satiric connections between the lands he visits and his own home. Gulliver’s naïveté makes the satire possible, as we pick up on things that Gulliver does not notice.
3．Mrs. Warren
【答案】Mrs. Warren is the character in Shaw’s play, Mrs. Warren’s Profession. Mrs. Warren’s profession is keeping brothels and makes profit from it. However, she tries to make her daughter a lady. On the one hand Mrs. Warren is not an immoral woman and she knows only too well that her choice of profession is not plausible. On the other, she finds that she cannot do otherwise but that dirty thing which she is well aware of. In the play, the author shows clearly that all human being suffering are consequences of the cruel economic exploitation, which is pursued through the lowest and the dirtiest means.
4．Mr. Allworthy
【答案】Allworthy, as his name implies, is also an allegorical figure of sorts in Tom Jones. His character does not undergo any dramatic changes and thus possesses the consistency and stability found in stock characters in theatrical comedy. Allworthy, as Fielding’s moral yardstick and as the novel’s ultimate dispenser of justice and mercy, almost takes on the role of a god, although he is still mortal enough to make incorrect judgments. Allworthy’s blindness to the evil designs of his nephew Blifil and to Thwackum’s insidiousness leads him to make mistakes which propel the plot of the novel forward. For example, it is Allworthy who banishes Tom Jones from his county.
5．Natty Bumppo
【答案】Natty Bumppo has been the hero of several of James Fennimore Cooper’s books, known as The Leatherstocking Tales. He is extremely brave. As a type of mythic hero, the character of Natty Bumppo is based on the legend of a folk hero, the idea of the natural man in Rousseau’s primitivism, the idealized image of American manhood, and Cooper’s youthful memory of a real character.
6．Daisy Buchanan
【答案】Daisy Buchanan is a beautiful young woman, the object of Gatsby’s love in The Great Gatsby. She is beautiful and charming, but also fickle, shallow, bored, and sardonic. Daisy is in love with money, ease, and material luxury, for which she marries Tom Buchanan instead of Gatsby.
7．Tom Sawyer
【答案】Tom Sawyer is the hero of the novel, Tom Sawyer. Poorly behaved, scrappy, and often thoughtless in his pursuit of the spotlight, Tom is basically a good boy, in spite of his continual warfare with adults. When the novel begins, Tom is a mischievous child who envies Huck Finn’s lazy lifestyle and freedom. As Tom’s adventures proceed, however, critical moments show Tom moving away from his childhood concerns and making mature, responsible decisions.
8．Ma Joad (Grapes of Wrath)
【答案】Ma Joad is the determined and loving mother of the Joad family in The Wrath of Grapes. She is introduced as a woman who knowingly and gladly fulfills her role as “the citadel of the family” and emerges as the family’s center of strength over the course of the novel as Pa Joad gradually becomes less effective as a leader and provider. She is the healer of the family’s ills and the arbiter of its arguments, and her ability to perform these tasks grows as the novel progresses.
【解析】本题考查作品人物分析。可以结合作品主题，内容和时代背景对作品人物进行全面的评价和分析。
V. Read the poem and answer the questions below: (10分)
Note:
1．An empty heart-cup: Her heart, like a cup, has been emptied.
2．Coquettish death: a personification of death as a xo\\coquette, a vamp, a seductress.
Questions:
1．What is the situation in the poem?
2．Discuss the metaphor used I the poem.
3．What kind of feeling is expressed through the poem?
【答案】
1．In the poem the girl’s lover is drawn away from her because of the war and the girl is quite afraid that her lover will never come back.
2．In the poem the writer uses the metaphor “coquettish death”. Like the coquette, who “can make a hard man hesitate” with her “impudent and strange possessive arms and beauty”, the death is so powerful and unconquerable that her lover will be subject to it. In this poem, Brooks’s alterations of tradition are evident in such passages as: “impudent and strange / Possessive arms,” and “Can make a hard man hesitate.” With this combination of familiar form and innovative language, the poem offers a compelling image of the soldier’s death as if it were another woman tempting him away from his lover. Thus the speaker in the poem sees the imminent death as a betrayal, and can only ask at the end of such a situation a question often found in traditional ballads concerned with false love: “where is happiness?”
3．Death is the most prominent theme of this poem. In this poem, death is personified as a woman who is trying to seduce the speaker’s lover. This is quite a reversal of the normal expectations which reflects a concern that the soldier will let his guard down, make a mistake, forget a detail, or in some other way allow himself to die by failing to defend his life in every possible way. On the other hand, the real culprit in this poem is the unspecified “them” who “took” the lover away, eventually testing his self-control and breaking the speaker’s heart. “They,” refers to the recruitment division of the armed forces, but to this speaker it also means social forces beyond her control or understanding that she cannot even conceive of a name for them.
【解析】本题考查诗歌赏析。结合诗歌内容，用词和写作技巧，分析整首诗歌的基调和主题。