第6章　经济

6.1　复习笔记

Ⅰ. The Evolution of the British Economy since the War

1.Steady development in the 50s and 60s

2.Economic recession in the 70s

3.Economic recovery in the 80s

Ⅱ. Resources and Industries

1.Coal, oil and natural gas

2.Iron and steel

3.Textiles

4.Shipbuilding

5.Motor vehicle

6.New industries

Ⅲ.Agriculture

Ⅳ.Foreign Trade

Ⅰ. The Evolution of the British Economy since the War

1. Steady development in the 50s and 60s

With help from the United States the British economy quickly recovered. The British economy in this period is characterized by slow but steady growth, low unemployment and great material prosperity.

2. Economic recession in the 70s

In the 1970s among the developed countries Britain maintained the lowest growth rate and the highest inflation rate.

3. Economic recovery in the 80s

①By 1988 the recovery had lasted seven years. Another feature was the improved financial position of the government.

②The British economy in the 1980s developed quite significantly. The Thatcher programs were successful to some extent.

Ⅰ．二战后英国经济的发展

1．五十年代和六十年代的稳定发展

在美国的帮助下，英国经济很快就得到了恢复。这一时期英国经济的特点是缓慢而又稳定的增长，低失业率和极大的物质繁荣。

2．七十年代的经济衰退

20世纪70年代，与其他发达国家相比，英国保持着最低的增长率和最高的通货膨胀率。

3．八十年代的经济复苏

①到1988年，经济复苏已经持续了7年。另一个特征是政府不断提高的经济地位。

②20世纪80年代的英国经济发展迅速。在某种程度上，撒切尔政府的政策是成功的。

Ⅱ.Resources and Industries

1. Coal, oil and natural gas

①Compared with many other countries, Britain has considerable reserves of coal.

②Today British coal mining is called a “sick” industry.

③Natural gas was discovered in 1965 and oil in 1970 under the North Sea. Today Britain is not only self-sufficient in oil but also has a surplus for export.

2.Iron and steel

Rich deposits of iron ore were found in central England but local supplies have become exhausted. Supplies of iron ore are now mostly foreign. As with the coal industry, Britain’s steel industry is declining.

3.Textiles

The textile industry is one of Britain’s oldest. Britain’s textile industry has declined markedly especially in the cotton, jute and linen production.

4.Shipbuilding

Britain became a world leader in shipbuilding during the middle of the 19th century. Today due to increased overseas competition and outdated equipment, the building and repair yards have had to close.

5.Motor vehicle

In the early 20th century the motor vehicle industry in Britain was developed in England. The British motor industry is now dominated by four firms, but each of these has suffered problems.

6.New industries

New industries include microprocessors and computers, biotechnology and other high-tech industries. There are three areas of high-tech industrial growth: the area between London and South Wales, the Cambridge area and the area between Glasgow and Edinburgh in Scotland.

Ⅱ．资源和工业

1．煤矿，石油和天然气

①与很多其他国家相比，英国的煤矿产量丰富。

②现在，英国的煤矿工业衰退。

③1965年天然气被发现，1970年北海地区发现了石油。现在，英国的石油不仅能够自给，还可以出口。

2．钢铁

英格兰中心地区发现了丰富的铁矿石，但是现在已经枯竭了。铁矿石的供给大多来自国外。和煤矿工业一样，英国的钢铁工业也在衰退。

3．纺织业

纺织业是英国最古老的工业之一，现在也已经衰退，尤其是棉花，黄麻和亚麻产量。

4．造船业

19世纪中期，英国的造船业世界领先。现在，由于激烈的海外竞争和过时的设备，轮船建造和维修厂已经关闭。

5．汽车行业

20世纪早期，英格兰地区的汽车行业比较发达。现在，英国的汽车工业由四大公司控制，但是每一个公司都存在严重的问题。

6．新兴工业

新兴工业包括微处理器和电脑工业，生物技术和其他高科技行业。英国有三大高科技行业发达地区：伦敦和威尔士南部，坎布里奇地区和苏格兰的格拉斯哥和爱丁堡地区。

Ⅲ.Agriculture

①The British were pioneers in modern agriculture and were among the first to bring science and machinery to farming.

②There are mainly six farming types in Britain. They are arable farming, dairy farming, stock farming, mixed farming, hill farming and market gardening.

Ⅲ．农业

①英国是现代农业的先驱，也是最早把科技和机械应用到农业的国家之一。

②英国的农业可分为六大类型：耕地农业，乳制品农业，囤积农业，混合农业，山区农业和市场园艺。

Ⅳ.Foreign Trade

①Britain is the fifth largest trading nation in the world. Britain’s foreign trade is mainly with other developed countries.

②Traditionally, Britain has had a deficit on visible trade and a surplus on invisible trade.

Ⅳ．对外贸易

①英国是世界上第五贸易大国。英国的对外贸易对象主要是其他发达国家。

②传统上讲，英国的有形贸易存在赤字，无形贸易盈余。