第9章　社会

9.1　复习笔记

Ⅰ. Health and Social Services

1.The National Health Service (NHS)

①Family Health Services

②Hospital and Specialist Services

2.Personal Social Services

Ⅱ.Social Security

1.Contributory social security benefits

(1) Retirement pension

(2) Unemployment Benefit

(3) Sickness and Invalidity Benefit

(4) Maternity Allowance and Widows’ Benefit

2.Non-contributory social security benefits

(1) War Pensions

(2) Industrial Injuries Disablement Benefit

(3) Child Benefit

(4) Family Credit

Ⅲ.Religion

1.Established churches

(1) Church of England

(2) Church of Scotland

2.Unestablished churches

(1) The Anglican Churches

(2) The Free Churches

(3) The Roman Catholic Church

3.Other Christian churches

Ⅳ. Festivals and Public Holidays

1.Christian festivals

2.Other festivals

3.Public holidays

Ⅰ. Health and Social Services

Britain is regarded as a welfare state. In Britain the term applies mainly to the National Health Service (NHS), national insurance and social security.

1. The National Health Service (NHS)

(1) Family Health Services

①The family health services are those given to patients by doctors, dentists, opticians and pharmacists.

②Family practitioners are self-employed and have contracts with the NHS.

Ⅰ．健康和社会服务

英国被称为福利制度的国家。在英国，“福利”一词主要适用于国民健康服务，国民保险和社会保障。

1．国民健康服务

(1) 家庭健康服务

①家庭健康服务指的是医生，牙医，眼科大夫和药剂师为病人提供的服务。

②从事家庭健康服务的医生是个体经营者，并和国民健康服务签署了合同。

(2) Hospital and Specialist Services

①A full range of hospital services is provided by district general hospitals.

②The National Health Service is the largest single employer of labour in the U.K.

(2) 医院和专门服务

①地区综合医院为病人提供全面的医院服务。

②国民健康服务是英国最大的雇佣公司。

2. Personal Social Services

①Personal social services assist elderly people, disabled people, children, and families facing special problems.

②The government policy is that services for the people with mental illness should be community based and easily accessible.

2．个人社会服务

①个人社会服务主要帮助老人，残疾人，孩子和面临特殊问题的家庭。

②政府政策规定为精神疾病患者提供的服务应该建立在社区和便利的基础之上。

Ⅱ.Social Security

1. Contributory social security benefits

(1) Retirement pension

Women at the age of 60 and men at the age of 65 are entitled to a state retirement pension, provided they have paid full-rate National Insurance contributions when working.

Ⅱ．社会保障

1．捐助的社会保障福利

(1) 退休养老金

60岁的女性和65岁的男性有权享有国家退休金，只要他们在工作的时候支付了全部比例的国民保险税。

(2) Unemployment Benefit

Unemployment benefit of ₤45.45 a week for a single person or ₤73.50 for a couple is payable for up to a year in any one period of unemployment.

(2) 失业救济金

一年之中任何一段失业期间，公民都可享有每星期单人45.45英镑，夫妻73.50英镑的失业救济金。

(3) Sickness and Invalidity Benefit

A large variety of benefits is available for people unable to work because of sickness or disablement.

(3) 疾病和无效用救济金

由于疾病或残疾而导致无法工作的人们可以享有大量的救济金。

(4) Maternity Allowance and Widows’ Benefit

①Most pregnant working women receive their statutory maternity pay directly from their employer for a maximum of 18 weeks.

②A widowed mother with a young family receives an allowance of ₤ 57.60 a week.

(4) 生育津贴和寡妇救济金

①大多数孕妇可直接从他们的雇主那里得到最长18周的产假工资。

②需要抚养孩子的寡妇母亲每周可领取57.60磅的生活津贴。

2. Non-contributory social security benefits

(1) War Pensions

War pensions are payable for disablement or death in the first or second world wars or in the armed forces since.

(2) Industrial Injuries Disablement Benefit

If a person becomes unable to work as a result of accidental injury at work, or of sickness caused by the conditions of his work, he is entitled to industrial injuries disablement benefit.

(3) Child Benefit

Child benefit of ₤10.20 a week for the eldest qualifying child and ₤8.5 for each other child is the main social security benefit for children.

(4) Family Credit

Low-paid employed and self-employed working families with children may be entitled to family credit.

2．由雇主支付的社会保障福利

(1) 战争抚恤金

战争抚恤金支付给在一战或二战中残废或牺牲的将士，或从在军队时便开始支付。

(2) 工伤残疾救济金

如果一个人由于工作时的意外伤害，或由于工作环境引起疾病而导致不能继续工作，他有权享有工伤残疾救济金。

(3) 儿童福利

家庭中最年长的符合条件的孩子可享有每周10.20英镑的福利，其他孩子可享有每周8.5英镑的福利，这是儿童主要的社会福利。

(4) 家庭信贷

带有孩子的低薪家庭和个体经营的工作家庭，有可能有权利得到家庭信贷。

Ⅲ.Religion

1.Established churches

There are two established churches in Britain: in England the Church of England and in Scotland the (Presbyterian) Church of Scotland.

(1) Church of England

The Church of England has two provinces: Canterbury and York.

(2) Church of Scotland

The government of the Church of Scotland is Presbyterian, that is, government by ministers and elders are ordained to office.

Ⅲ．宗教

1．国教

英国有两大国教：英格兰的英国国教和苏格兰的苏格兰国教（长老会）。

(1) 英国国教

英国国教有两大教区：坎特伯雷和约克郡。

(2) 苏格兰国教

苏格兰国教的政府是长老会，也就是说，政府由教士和长老治理。

2. Unestablished churches

(1) The Anglican Churches

In the British Isles there are three unestablished Anglican churches: the Church of Ireland, the Episcopal Church in Scotland, and the Church in Wales.

2．非国教的宗教

(1) 英国圣公会教堂

不列颠群岛有三大非国教的圣公会教堂：爱尔兰教会，苏格兰的圣公会教堂和威尔士教堂。

(2) The Free Churches

①The Methodist Church is the largest of the Free Churches.

②The Baptists first achieved an organized form in Britain in the 17th century.

(2) 自由教会

①卫理公会是最大的自由教会。

②浸信会于17世纪在英国形成了组织。

(3) The Roman Catholic Church

There are now 7 Roman Catholic provinces in Great Britain, each under an archbishop.

(3) 罗马天主教会

英国有7个罗马天主教省份，每一个省份都由大主教领导。

3. Other Christian churches

Other Protestant Churches include the Unitarians, Free Christians, the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers), the Christian Brethren, and the “new churches”.

3．其他基督教堂

其他新教教会包括一位论派，自由基督教，贵格会，基督教兄弟会和“新教会”。

Ⅳ. Festivals and Public Holidays

1.Christian festivals

①Christmas Day, December 25th, celebrates the birth of Christ, and is the greatest of Christian festivals. Two important things are the custom of giving gifts and the habit of spending it with the family.

②Easter is the chief Christian festival, which celebrates the Resurrection of Christ, on the first Sunday after the first full moon.

Ⅳ．节日和公共假日

1．基督教节日

①圣诞节是12月25日，庆祝耶稣的诞生，是最大的基督教节日。两个重要的习俗是送礼物和与家人一起度过。

②复活节是重要的基督教节日，庆祝基督的复活，在满月之后的第一个星期日。

2.Other festivals

①New Year’s Day (January lst) is part of Scottish “Hogmanay” (New Year’s Eve) festival, which is more important than Christmas to Scots.

②The only other national festival is Guy Fawkes Day.

③A birthday is a purely personal festival.

2．其他节日

①元旦是一月一号，是苏格兰“除夕”节日的一部分，对于苏格兰人来说比圣诞节更重要。

②唯一的另一个全国性节日是福克斯节。

③生日是纯粹个人的节日。

3.Public holidays

Official public holidays are also called “bank holidays” because banks are closed on the days specified.

3．公共假期

法定节假日也成为“银行假日”，因为节假日银行都关门了。