第10章　文化

10.1　复习笔记

Ⅰ.Education

1.Primary education

2.Secondary education

3.Higher education

Ⅱ.The Media

1.Newspapers

2.Periodicals

3.Radio

4.Television

5.News agencies

Ⅲ.Sports

1.Football

2.Rugby

3.Cricket

4.Horse racing

5.Golf

6.Rowing

Ⅳ.The Arts

1.Museums and art galleries

2.Music

3.Drama

4.Opera

5.Ballet and dance

6.Arts festivals

7.Films

8.Literature and libraries

Ⅰ.Education

1.Primary education

Compulsory education begins at five in Great Britain and four in Northern Ireland. Some children attend fee-paying independent schools.

2.Secondary education

About 90 per cent of the state secondary school populations in Great Britain attend comprehensive schools, covering the age-range 12 to 18.

3.Higher education

①Higher education is largely financed by public funds, tuition fees and income charged by institutions for research.

②The universities of Oxford and Cambridge date from the 12th and 13th centuries.

③Many universities have close links with commerce and industry, with some students attending on a part-time basis.

Ⅰ．教育

1．初等教育

英国的义务教育开始于5岁，北爱尔兰开始于4岁。一些孩子选择上私立的学校。

2．中等教育

大约90%的英国公立中学学生就读于综合学校，年龄覆盖范围是12到18岁。

3．高等教育

①高等教育的大部分资金来源是公共资金，学费和研究机构收取的收入。

②牛津大学和剑桥大学创始于12世纪和13世纪。

③很多大学和工商业有密切的联系，学生可以参加企业的兼职。

Ⅱ.The Media

1.Newspapers

①Rupert Murdoch’s News International owns five national papers The Times, The Sunday Times, The Sun, Today, and News of the World.

②The national newspapers can be divided into two groups: national dailies and national Sundays.

③Regional newspapers publish mainly regional and local news.

Ⅱ．媒体

1．报纸

①鲁伯特•默多克的新闻国际公司拥有5家国家性报纸：《泰晤士报》《星期日泰晤士报》《太阳报》《今日报》和《世界新闻报》。

②国家性报纸可分为两组：国家性日报和国家星期天报。

③区域性报纸主要发布区域性新闻和当地新闻。

2.Periodicals

Weekly reviews are a very important element in the British press. The most important are The Economist, New Statesman and Society, and Spectator.

2．期刊

每周评论是英国媒体一个非常重要的元素。最重要的是《经济学家》《新政治家》和《观察家》。

3.Radio

British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) serves an audience of 30 million a week in Britain. It also broadcasts international news world wide, using English and 38 other languages.

3．广播

英国广播公司（BBC）每星期有3000万的听众。它还播放世界新闻，使用英语和其他38种语言。

4.Television

①Television viewing is by far Britain’s most popular leisure pastime.

②There are 4 national channels, BBC 1, BBC 2, ITV (Independent Television) and Channel 4 (CA).

4．电视

①看电视是目前英国最流行的休闲方式。

②英国有4家国家频道，BBC1，BBC2，英国独立电视台和第四频道。

5.News agencies

The principal news agencies in Britain are Reuters, based in London, and Extel Financial Ltd/AFP-Extel News Ltd.

5．新闻机构

英国主要的新闻机构是总部位于伦敦的路透社，Extel金融有限公司和AFP-Extel新闻有限公司。

Ⅲ.Sports

Some of the major sports in Britain are as follows.

1.Football

①It is the most popular sport in England as well as in Europe and has its traditional home in England.

②The Professional football season runs from August, until May.

③Teams which continue to dominate the top of English first division are Liverpool, Manchester United, and Arsenal.

Ⅲ．体育

英国主要的体育运动有以下几种。

1．足球

①足球是英格兰和欧洲最流行的体育运动，起源于英格兰。

②职业足球季节是从八月直到五月。

③主导英国足球的团队是利物浦，曼联和阿森纳。

2.Rugby

Rugby League is mainly played in the north of England and in Wales where it is the national game. The Rugby season is between September and May.

2．橄榄球

橄榄球联盟主要是在英格兰北部和威尔士。橄榄球是威尔士的国家运动。橄榄球赛季是九月到五月。

3.Cricket

It is the most typically English of sports and has been in existence since the 16th century.

3．板球

这是英国最典型的体育运动，自16世纪以来已存在。

4.Horse racing

①Horse racing is a major British industry and takes two forms—flat racing and National Hunt.

②The main flat race season runs from late March to early November.

4．赛马

①赛马是英国的一种主要行业，有两种形式—平地赛马和国家狩猎。

②平地比赛的季节是3月底到11月初。

5.Golf

The home of golf is Scotland where the game has been played since the 17th century. The oldest golf club in the world is The Honorable Company of Edinburgh Golfers.

5．高尔夫

高尔夫起源于17世纪的苏格兰。世界上最古老的高尔夫俱乐部是爱丁堡高尔夫荣誉公司。

6.Rowing

①Rowing is taught in many schools, universities and rowing clubs throughout Britain.

②The Head of the River Race, also on the Thames, is the largest assembly of racing craft in the world.

6．赛艇运动

①英国许多学校、大学和赛艇俱乐部都开设了赛艇课程。

②位于泰晤士河的“河王之争”是世界上最大的装配赛艇。

Ⅳ.The Arts

1. Museums and art galleries

The national museums and art galleries, many of them located in London, contain the most comprehensive collections of objects of artistic, scientific, historical and general interest.

Ⅳ．艺术

1．博物馆和艺术画廊

大多数的国家博物馆和艺术画廊位于伦敦，包含最全面的艺术，科学，历史和一般兴趣的收藏品。

2.Music

①In the early 1960s a new pop culture—the Liverpool, or “beat”, emerged in Britain.

②The first National Music Day was held in 1992.

③Seasons of orchestral concerts are promoted in all the large towns.

2．音乐

①20世纪60年代初，英国出现了一种新型的流行文化——利物浦，或者叫“节拍”。

②第一个国家音乐节于1992年举行。

③交响乐团音乐季在所有的大城镇得以推广。

3.Drama

①Britain has about 300 theatres intended for professional use which can seat between 200 and 2,300 people.

②Although London is naturally the centre, most towns and cities have at least one theatre.

③Pantomime is a kind of play based on a traditional fairy tale and performed at Christmas time. It is developed out of dumb show.

3．戏剧

①英国大约有300个剧院可供专业演出使用，可容纳200人到2300人。

②尽管伦敦是剧院的中心，大多数城镇都至少有一个剧院。

③舞剧是在圣诞节时表演，一种基于传统童话故事的戏剧。它是由哑剧发展而来。

4.Opera

The Royal Opera and the English National Opera are among the world’s finest opera companies and perform regular seasons in London.

4．歌剧

皇家歌剧院和英国国家歌剧院是世界上最好的歌剧公司，定期在伦敦表演。

5.Ballet and dance

①An estimated 6 million people take part in dance, making it one of Britain’s leading participatory activities.

②The major venues for ballet are the Royal Opera House and The Coliseum, home to the Royal Ballet and the Royal Festival ballet respectively.

5．芭蕾和舞蹈

①估计有600万人参加芭蕾舞，使芭蕾舞成为英国领先的参与式活动之一。

②芭蕾舞的主要场所是皇家歌剧院和竞技场，分别表演皇家芭蕾和皇家节日芭蕾。

6.Arts festivals

Festivals of music and other arts are held annually in many towns and cities throughout Britain. The most famous is the Edinburgh International Festival of Music and Drama.

6．艺术节

每年英国的很多城镇和城市都会举行音乐节和艺术节。最著名的是爱丁堡国际音乐和戏剧艺术节。

7.Films

There are about 1,800 cinema screens in Britain and estimated attendances are currently running at about 1.9 million a week.

7．电影

英国约有1800家电影院，每周的上座率约为190万。

8. Literature and libraries

Many British writers are internationally recognized. There are several thousand libraries throughout the country, including the great “copyright” libraries.

8．文学和图书馆

许多英国作家是国际公认的。全国有几千个图书馆，包括著名的“版权”图书馆。