第3章　国家的形成

3.1　复习笔记

Ⅰ.Norman Rule (1066—1381)

1. William’s Rule (1066—1087)

2. Henry Ⅱ’s Reforms

Ⅱ. The Great Charter and the Beginning of Parliament

1. The Great Charter (1215)

2. The Beginning of Parliament

Ⅲ. The Hundred Years’ War with France (1337—1453)

Ⅳ. The Black Death (1348—1349) and the Peasant Uprising (1381)

Ⅰ.Norman Rule (1066—1381)

1.William’s Rule (1066—1087)

Under William, the feudal system in England was completely established.

①The King owned all the land personally.

②William replaced the Witan with the Grand Council of his new tenants-in-chief.

③William sent his clerks to compile a property record known as Domesday Book.

④William kept the church completely under his control, but at the same time to uphold its power.

Ⅰ．诺曼统治(1066—1381)

1．威廉的统治(1066—1087)

在威廉的统治下，英国的封建制度完全建立了。

①国王私人拥有全部土地。

②威廉用他的封建领主组成的议会代替了贤人会。

③威廉派文书编纂了一份财产记录——《末日审判书》。

④威廉完全控制了教堂，但同时又赋予它一些权力。

2.Henry Ⅱ’s Reforms

Henry Ⅱ was the first king of the House of Plantagenet. Henry Ⅱ took some measures to bring the disorders of King Stephen’s reign to an end.

①He forced the Flemish mercenaries to leave England; strengthened and widened the powers of his sheriffs.

②Henry Ⅱ abolished the annual land tax.

③Henry Ⅱ greatly strengthened the king’s Court and extended its judicial work.

④In Henry Ⅱ’s reign, a common law and private law were gradually established.

2．亨利二世的改革

亨利二世是金雀花王朝的第一位国王。他采取了一系列措施结束了斯蒂芬国王的混乱统治。

①亨利二世迫使佛兰德雇佣兵离开英格兰，加强并拓宽了州长的权力。

②亨利二世废除了每年一度的土地税。

③亨利二世极大地加强了国王的法庭，扩展了它的司法工作。

④亨利二世期间，普通法和司法逐渐建立起来。

Ⅱ. The Great Charter and the Beginning of Parliament

1.The Great Charter (1215)

King John was forced to put his seal to the Charter on June 19, 1215. Magna Carta was a statement of the feudal and legal relationship between the Crown and the barons. The spirit of Magna Carta was the limitation of the powers of the king.

Ⅱ．大宪章和议会的开始

1．大宪章(1215)

1215年，6月19号，约翰国王被迫同意《大宪章》。《大宪章》是一个封建性质的文件，规定了国王和王爵之间的法律关系。《大宪章》旨在限制国王的权力。

2. The Beginning of Parliament

Simon de Montfort summoned in 1265 the Great Council to meet at Westminster, together with two knights from each county and two burgesses (citizens) from each town, a meeting which has been seen as that of the earliest parliament. The Great Council developed later into the Lords and the Commons known as a parliament.

2．议会的开始

西蒙·德·蒙特福特于1265年在威斯敏斯特召开议会，每个郡有2名骑士，每个镇有2名市民参加。这次会议被称为最早的议会。议会之后发展为了上议院和下议院。

Ⅲ. The Hundred Years’ War with France (1337—1453)

1. It refers to the intermittent war between France and England that lasted from 1337 to 1453. The causes were partly territorial and partly economic.

2. England and France both won and lost in the war. By 1453 Calais was the only part of France that was still in the hands of the English.

Ⅲ．英法百年战争 (1337—1453)

1．它指的是1337年到1453年，英国与法国之间不间断的战争。战争既有领土争端的原因，又有经济原因。

2．百年战争期间，英国和法国各有输赢。1453年，法国只有加来仍然处于英国的统治之下。

Ⅳ. The Black Death (1348—1349) and the Peasant Uprising (1381)

1. Black Death reduced England’s population from four million to two million by the end of the 14th century. As a result of the plague, much land was left untended and there was a terrible shortage of labor.

2. In 1351 the government issued a Statute of Laborers which made it a crime for peasants to ask for more wages.

3. Armed villagers led by Wat Tyler moved on London in June, 1381, releasing John Ball on the way.

4. Although the Peasant Uprising of 1381 was suppressed, it had far-reaching significance in English history. The rebellion was a truly social one, directed against the rich clergy and the lawyers as well as against the landowners.

Ⅳ．黑死病(1348—1349)和农民起义(1381)

1．黑死病导致14世纪末的英国人口从400万减少到了200万。瘟疫使大片土地荒芜，劳动力出现了严重的短缺。

2． 1351年，政府颁布了《劳动法》，规定农民索要更高的工资是违法行为。

3． 1381年6月，由瓦特·泰勒领导的武装村民向伦敦出发，途中放走了约翰·保尔。

4．尽管1381年的农民起义被镇压了，它在英国历史上留下了深远的意义。起义是一个社会性的运动，矛头直指富有的牧师，律师和地主。