1.2　题型、考点分类

1.2.1　题型分类（根据提问方式分类+对应作答框架）★★★★★

从提问方式来看，不同的老师对雅思题目有不同的分类法。我和我周围的一些考官朋友们把题目分为如下五种类别：表态类、讨论类、利弊类、报告类和混合类。

1.表态类

定义：题干经常是一些人的观点或者是一句建议意见。其提问方式经常问你同意不同意。比如：“To what extent do you agree or disagree?”“Do you agree or disagree?”“What is your opinion?”“What do you think?”

例题：

（1）Some people think that the main purpose of schooling is to turn children to good citizens and workers, rather than beneft them as individuals. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

（2）Schools should concentrate on teaching students the academic subjects that will be useful for their future careers. Subjects such as music and sports are not useful.To what extent do you agree or disagree?

（3）Now environmental problems are serious, and ordinary people can do less to improve this issue. Therefore, governments and large companies should be responsible for reducing the damage.To what extent do you agree or disagree?

（4）For some students from poor families, it is a tough mission to attend college nowadays. Some believe that it is government's obligation rather than individual duty to pay the tuition fees.To what extent do you agree or disagree?

（5）When designing a building, the most important thing to take into account is the intended use of the building rather than its outward appearance. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

2.讨论类

定义：题干是两群人进行讨论。提问方式为“Discuss both views and give your own opinion.”

例题：

（1）Some people think that computer and Internet are important in children's study, but others think that students can learn more effectively in schools and with teachers. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.

（2）Some people think that all lawbreakers should be taken into prison；others believe that there are better alternatives. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.

（3）Some people think that creative artists should be supported financially by the government, while others believe that they should find financial support from other sources instead. Discuss both views and give your opinion.

（4）Air transport is increasingly used to export various types of fruits and vegetables to countries where those plants cannot grow or are out of season. Some say that it is a good thing, but others consider this use of air transport cannot be justifed.Discuss both views and give your own opinion.

（5）Some people believe that the country would benefit a lot from more young people entering into university；however, others think that the large number of people receiving college education only leads to graduate unemployment. Discuss both views and give your opinion.

3.利弊类

定义：题干经常是陈述一个事实，然后提问方式中经常出现“Do you think advantages of this development outweigh its disadvantages?”“Is it a positive development&negative development?”“Do you think that it is a positive development?”“Is it a positive trend?”等提问方式。

例题：

（1）Machines have replaced physical work in many industries. Do you think the advantages outweigh the disadvantages?

（2）Some people think that the increasing use of computers and mobile phones for communication has had a negative effect on young people's reading and writing skills. Does the advantage outweigh the disadvantage?

（3）In today's society, more and more work is done by machines. Do you think that the positive effects of the development outweigh the negative effects on individuals and society?

（4）More and more people buy and use their own car. Do you think the advantages of this trend for individuals outweigh the disadvantages for environment?

（5）The proportion of elderly people in some societies is increasing rapidly. Do you think the negative effects of such trend outweigh the positive effects?

4.报告类

定义：题干经常是一个客观现象、问题、事实、趋势或者报道。提问方式则经常是“Why/What reasons……”“What problems……”“What effects……”“How to solve……/What measures……”。

例题：

（1）Many people think that it is very important to protect the environment but they make no effort to do it themselves. Why do you think it is the case?What actions can be done to suggest that individuals protect the environment?

（2）An increase in the production of consumer goods results in damage to the natural environment. Why is this case?What can be done to reduce this problem?

（3）There is an increasing amount of anti-social behaviour and lack of respect for others. What are the causes of this problem and what are your solutions?

（4）The movement of people from agricultural areas to cities to work can cause serious problems in both places. What are the serious problems and what measures can be taken to solve this problem?

（5）The world has many towns and cities constructed in previous centuries that are suitable and livable for people in those times. What problems will this cause today and what can be done to solve them?

（6）Young people have different ideas and attitudes with their parents and these graduates would like to live alone. What are the differences?What problems may be caused?

5.混合类

定义：题干也经常是一个客观现象、问题、事实、趋势或者报道。提问方式除了有“Why/What reasons……”“What problems……”“What effects……”“How to solve……/What measures……”之外，还有“Do you think it is positive?”“Is it a positive trend?”“What do you think?”等。

例题：

（1）People still value artists in the age of advanced science and technology. Why you think this is?Are arts as important as science and technology?

（2）In the past, people lived in the same place in their life. However, it is common that now people change their places where they live several times during their life.What are the reasons for this?Is it a positive or negative development?

（3）In some countries, more and more fathers are staying at home to look after children, while mothers work full-time. What are the reasons and is it positive or negative?

（4）Today food travels thousands of miles from the farm to the customer. Why is this?Is it a positive or negative trend?

（5）Nowadays, men and women in many countries decide to have babies at an older age. What are the reasons?Do you think the advantages of this outweigh its disadvantages?

1.2.2　根据原题观点句进行考点分类★★★

从考点角度来分析作文考试题目的方法并不多见，其实这种考点归类法也有益于雅思阅读中判断题以及其他题型的解题。

具体来讲，考点可以分为：谓表考点（主干主句的谓语动词/表语是考点），绝对考点（not/must/only/all/every/any是考点），比较考点（比较关系是考点），因果考点（因果关系中的因是考点），数字时间考点（表数字时间的表达是考点），目的考点（目的状语是考点）。通常情况下，写作的原题观点句里至少有一个考点，也就是“谓表考点”。通常情况下原题观点句里有两个或者三个考点，考生们需要好好注意这些考点。

例题1

Schools should concentrate on teaching students the academic subjects that will be useful for their future careers. Subjects such as music and sports are not useful.To what extent do you agree or disagree?

问：该题的原题观点句中有几个考点？

答：首先，要确定这道题的考查重点并非是首句“Schools should concentrate on teaching students the academic subjects that will be useful for their future careers.”（该句可以被理解为没什么分量的背景句），而是“Subjects such as music and sports are not useful.”这句话，因为它才是后面问你同意不同意的内容。那么，我们好好分析“Subjects such as music and sports are not useful.”这句话的考点。该句话的考点有两个：“useful”是谓表考点，我们要多注意。“not”是绝对考点，我们在写作的时候更要注意。所以，这道题有两个考点。

例题2

Most government money should be invested in teaching science rather than any other subjects in order for a country to develop and progress. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

问：该题的原题观点句中有几个考点？

答：这道题里“should be invested……”为谓表考点，“rather than”是绝对考点，“in order for a country to develop and progress”是目的考点，所以，这道题有三个考点。

例题3

Some people claim that not enough of the waste from homes is recycled. They say that the only way to increase recycling is for governments to make it a legal requirement.To what extent do you agree with the idea?

问：该题的原题观点句中有几个考点？

答：按照此题的提问方式，考查的是第二句话中的“the only way to increase recycling is for governments to make it a legal requirement”其中“for governments to make it a legal requirement”这个是谓表考点，“only”是绝对考点。所以，这道题有两个考点。

例题4

Participation in sports should not be encouraged at school because it leads to competition rather than cooperation. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

问：该题的原题观点句中有几个考点？

答：“Participation in sports should not be encouraged at school because it leads to competition rather than cooperation.”中的“should not be encouraged……”是谓表考点，“not”是绝对考点，“because it leads to competition rather than cooperation”是因果考点，“rather than”是绝对考点。所以，这道题有四个考点。