第十节 再次肝移植术

再次肝移植与初次肝移植相比,不仅手术难度大、死亡率高、移植物和受者生存率低,而且住院时间长、治疗费用高[1-7]。儿童再次肝移植生存率优于成人,但低于儿童初次肝移植[8-9]。然而,再次肝移植是移植肝失功的唯一挽救手段。为了更好地利用稀缺的供肝资源,提高受者再次肝移植生存率,多个移植中心提出了纳入供、受者参数的风险预测模型[3]。这些模型有助于剔除不能从再次肝移植获益的高危受者,使再次肝移植受者及移植物生存率显著提高[10-11]

1 再次肝移植适应证

根据再次肝移植距前次肝移植间隔时间的长短,分为早期适应证和晚期适应证,通常以前次肝移植后30d为界(目前尚无统一标准)。早期适应证主要包括原发性移植物无功能(primary graft nonfunction,PNF)和血管并发症(如肝动脉或门静脉血栓形成),分别占20%~30%、15%~20%[12-14]。晚期适应证包括慢性排斥反应、原发病复发、胆道并发症、血管并发症、继发于肝动脉栓塞的缺血性胆管病以及新发自身免疫性肝炎等[14-15]

2 再次移植的手术时机

多数再次肝移植发生在前次肝移植后相对较短的时间内。美国一项研究表明,有25%的再次肝移植发生在前次肝移植后2周内[16]。最近西班牙一组病例数据显示,12.2%的再次肝移植发生在前次肝移植后3d内,34.7%发生在前次肝移植后4~30d内,18.4%发生在前次肝移植后1个月至1年内[17]。回顾性分析显示,再次肝移植与前次肝移植间隔时间的长短对预后有显著影响,间隔3~7d的受者术后1年生存率高于间隔7~30d者[6,11,13,17-21]。分析其原因,间隔7~30d的受者肝移植原因多为PNF或血管并发症,本应在更早时间段内行再次肝移植,但是由于未匹配到新供肝或医师没有及早认识到再次肝移植的必要性而错过最佳手术时机。另外,间隔数周后再次肝移植会面临最为严重的腹腔炎性致密粘连,增加手术难度。所以,应尽早正确判断病情转归,在受者全身情况尚好时行再次肝移植。如病情允许,尽可能避开术后数周内腹腔炎性粘连及水肿的急性期进行再次手术。

3 再次肝移植的风险预测模型

相比初次肝移植,再次肝移植的效果普遍较差,并且占用了供器官资源,减少了等待队列中初次移植受者的手术机会[2,22-26]。对于潜在的再次肝移植受者,在等待手术期间应进行连续的病情评估,科学地筛选出能从再次肝移植获益的受者,公平、合理地分配供肝资源。为此,国内外一些移植中心提出了根据供、受者参数判断预后的评分系统,用于量化再次肝移植受者的预后,对再次肝移植的决策颇有帮助。近年来,再次肝移植与初次肝移植术后生存率的差距不断缩小,风险预测模型起到了重要作用。

4 再次肝移植的技术难度

再次肝移植的时机,尤其是与前次肝移植的间隔时间,是影响手术复杂性和技术难度的重要因素。①前次肝移植后数天再次移植,病肝切除过程往往比第一次简单,因为病肝已经游离而且门静脉高压得到缓解。②前次肝移植1个月后的再次肝移植会有很大技术难度,腹腔致密粘连和水肿、重要脉管结构扭转、瘢痕形成、层次辨认不清、粘连带内新生血管及患者门静脉高压重现都可造成病肝切除过程中大出血,增加死亡率[2,8,27-28]。③再次肝移植脉管重建时选择余地小,组织质地、脉管长度和受者段血流情况决定了较前次手术更复杂、困难的重建方式,经常需要用到显微吻合、血管搭桥和胆肠吻合技术。

5 再次肝移植的操作策略

全面评估受者对再次肝移植的耐受性和预后,权衡风险与获益。①危重患者(终末期肝病模型评分>25分、气管插管、肾功能不全或高龄等)、已行再次移植的受者、前次移植后8~30d内需要再次移植以及脉管内广泛血栓血管条件差的受者,行再次移植后早期死亡率高,手术需慎重[21]。②仔细复习前次移植手术记录,对照影像资料明确术式和各脉管吻合位置及方式。③分离粘连时注意避免空腔脏器损伤,如有损伤应妥善修补。④分离粘连应耐心细致,边分离边止血,避免长时间大面积渗血,如渗血难以控制并已影响循环稳定,应适时终止手术。⑤静脉转流可降低门静脉系统压力,减少失血和输血[29]。⑥当第一肝门致密瘢痕或曲张血管影响解剖的安全性时,可阻断第一肝门并整块高位横断,切除病肝后再解剖出各脉管结构做吻合[27,30]。⑦如果前次肝移植采用背驮式,再次移植时病肝切除较容易。再次肝移植可采用经典或背驮式肝移植,如采用经典肝移植需保留原腔静脉吻合口以保证有足够血管长度行再次吻合;同样,离断门静脉时也尽量靠近肝脏,保证足够长度的血管用于吻合。⑧尽量切除原移植物的肝动脉,因为再次移植后原移植物动脉易形成血栓或破裂[28-29]。注意保留好供者髂动脉备用。如果受者端肝动脉条件差,供者肝动脉可能需要与腹腔干上方或肾动脉下方的腹主动脉吻合,后者通常需要应用供者髂动脉搭桥。⑨胆道重建避免使用原移植物胆管,建议行胆肠吻合,确保吻合口无张力[30]。如前次肝移植已行胆肠吻合。需切除空肠盲端至胆肠吻合口段的肠管,重新行胆肠吻合;但有回顾性研究显示,再次肝移植行胆肠吻合与胆管端端吻合的胆道并发症发生率并无显著差异[31]。⑩再次移植时尽量避免使用劈离供肝、年龄>60岁或心脏停搏的供者供肝,供、受者手术组信息沟通及时,尽量缩短供肝冷缺血时间。k手术团队需要有丰富的经验,熟练掌握各种肝移植术式及脉管重建技术,需要强大的麻醉团队保障。

(夏 强 童 颖)

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刊载于《中华移植杂志(电子版)》,2019,13(3):171-176.