3．花蕾期：25+高分必备句式

（1）句首变换

1）非谓语做主语

学习英语初期，最早接触的做主语的词类是名词或代词，这样也养成了习惯，即到处使用这两类词做主语，这就造成了句式单一。例如句1中，young people做主语。原文中讨论的主体对象就是young people，如果整篇文章处处以young people做主语，其枯燥、重复程度可见一斑。

第二种情况，状语从句的句子结构与中文顺序比较一致，考生普遍可以很好掌握，而且托福写作考试中出现条件句的情况比比皆是，这就涉及句式的灵活运用。句2中可以不用if引导从句、university students做主语这种缺乏变化的句子，可以用动词-ing形式做主语。此类状语从句还包括由when、before、after等引导的状语从句。

另外，考生还需注意，非谓语做主语时谓语动词要用单数第三人称形式。

·大学生做兼职可以丰富人生经验、开阔眼界。

【原句】When young people live in a big city, it will enrich their life experiences and also broaden their minds.

【修改】Living in a big city enriches young people with life experiences and also broadens their minds.

·大学生做兼职可以减轻父母负担。

【原句】If university students do part-time jobs, they would reduce their parents' financial burden.

【修改】Doing part-time jobs would help university students reduce their parents' financial burden.

2）状语置于句首

状语置于句首就是把副词、介词短语、分词短语或者动词不定式构成的短语放在句首。可置于句首的常用副词包括：unfortunately, essentially, absolutely, definitely, undeniably等;常置于句首的介词短语包括：to a large extent, to some extent, in this situation, under this condition等。

·副词前置

【原句】The presence of collagen in fossils of T.rex's legs is essentially true, but the professor cast doubt on its origin.

【修改】Essentially, the presence of collagen in fossils of T.rex's legs is true, but the professor cast doubt on its origin.

·介词短语前置

【原句】Professional athletes live extravagant lifestyles with huge houses and cars just like the movie stars.

【修改】Just like the movie stars, professional athletes live extravagant lifestyles with huge houses and cars.

·分词短语前置

【原句】People would usually proceed smoothly with their presentation after they have waited for a good idea to appear.

【修改】Having waited for a good idea to appear, people would usually proceed smoothly with their presentation.

·动词不定式短语前置

【原句】They proposed to reestablish Torreya in the same place where they successfully grew to prevent the trees from decline.

【修改】To prevent the trees from decline, they proposed to reestablish Torreya in the same place where they successfully grew.

3）it做形式主语

当主语过于繁琐、偏长时，为避免句子头重脚轻，可以考虑用it做形式主语。这里的it并无实际语义，只是语法上的需要。如：

·It is appropriate to reckon that, as people in modern society, we learn the superior qualities of the elder generations and start to show more friendliness towards others.

【解析】本句真正的主语是“we learn the superior qualities of the elder generations and start to show more friendliness towards others”这件事本身，所以如果整个句子都放在主语的位置，加上引导词，后面接句子其他成分，那么整个句子就失衡非常严重。所以，可以把it作为形式上的主语，而把真正的从句主语放在后面。

·It is imperative for the government to tackle environmental contamination by strictly eliminating any potential sources of pollutants.

【解析】这句话中真正的主语是to tackle environmental contamination by strictly eliminating any potential sources of pollutants。如果按照正常的语序则为：To tackle environmental contamination by strictly eliminating any potential sources of pollutants is imperative for the government.读此句时，考生会立即感到一种压迫感，主语繁琐、偏长。此时就可以用it做形式主语，而把真正的主语动词不定式短语放在句子后面。

4）it强调句

使用强调句能够使重点更加突出，比较适合用在topic sentence或总结的部分；同时，灵活使用强调句也避免了句式单一的情况。

·实地考查为学生提供了社交和智力互动的机会，从而丰富了学生的生活。

【原句】A field trip enriches a student by offering opportunities for social and intellectual interaction.

【修改】It is a field trip that enriches a student by offering opportunities for social and intellectual interaction.

·正是为了维持生态平衡，人类才应该保护地球上濒危的动物物种。

【原句】We ought to safeguard the endangered species on the earth for the sake of ecological balance.

【修改】It is for the sake of ecological balance that we ought to safeguard the endangered species on the earth.

（2）实现句式多样性

托福独立写作中，考生在论述过程中经常需要写出表示原因、结果、条件、让步、目的、对比等的句子。这些逻辑可以用状语从句表现出来，但如果状语从句用得很多并且缺乏变化，则语言分会丢掉很多。因此可以灵活变化句式，用其他语法结构实现句中的多样性。

1）长短句相结合

一篇好的文章，不会是简单句的集合，也不会是长难句的堆叠；而是长短句相结合。

·团队工作需要成员之间进行大量的交流和讨论，这样可以产生许多鼓舞人心的想法，而这些想法大概不可能从个人的头脑中产生出来。

【原句】Group work requires huge amount of communication and discussion within members, which can generate many inspiring ideas that might not possibly come out from an individual's mind.

【修改】Group work requires huge amount of communication and discussion within members.Such behaviors can generate many inspiring ideas that might not possibly come out from an individual's mind.

【解析】原句有一个由which引导的非限制性定语从句（which can generate many inspiring ideas…）和一个由that引导的限制性定语从句。一个句子中用到两个定语从句，结构相对复杂，可以拆分成两个句子，这样长短句相结合句意更清晰。

·这种循序渐进可以激励他们在小组作业中更有效地工作。这意味着他们将逐渐提高学习成绩。

【原句】This gradual improvement could motivate them to work more efficiently in the group assignment.It means that they will improve their academic performance gradually.

【修改】This gradual improvement could motivate them to work more efficiently in the group assignment, meaning that they will improve their academic performance gradually.

【解析】这两句话关系非常紧密，分成两句话写，反而显得累赘。第二句中的it指代的就是前面的那句话，所以可以改为非限制性定语从句“This progressive enhancement could motivate them to work more efficiently in the group assignment, which means that they will improve their academic performance gradually.”简化后还可以改为非谓语做状语。

2）强调句

写作文时，为了突出某部分的重点来吸引考官注意，考生可以用强调句来实现。基本的结构为：it+is/was+被强调部分+that。这种句式不能强调谓语动词，如果想要强调谓语，则用do强调谓语。

·在这些关键的早期自由探索阶段，孩子的才能开始显现。

【原句】A child's talent begins to show during these critical early years of freely exploring.

【修改】It is during these critical early years of freely exploring that a child's talent begins to show.

【解析】原句重点是说孩子的天赋开始显现，而在何时开始显现则没有十分强调。但是，在作文题目类似为《是否应该给予孩子自由时间》时（Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? These days, children spend more time on doing homework or participating in organized activities related to school or sports.However, they should be given more time to do whatever they want.Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.），改为强调句则重点突出很多。

·相比起从事相对稳定的工作，通过做有挑战性的工作，一个人会意外地、最大限度地挖掘出自己的潜能。

【原句】By taking the challenging jobs, one may unexpectedly exploit his potential to a larger extent than holding a relatively stable job.

【修改】It is by taking the challenging jobs that one may unexpectedly exploit his potential to a larger extent than holding a relatively stable job.

【解析】第二句加强语气，强调正是通过做有挑战性的工作，一个人才能比做稳定工作更大限度地挖掘自身潜能。

3）倒装句

为了达到强调、突出等目的而颠倒原有语序的句式叫作倒装句。写作中常用的倒装结构包括：否定词放开头；not only…but also；only+介词短语；only+状语从句等。

·我们不能忽视做兼职带来的好处。

【原句】We cannot lose sight of the benefits brought by part-time jobs.

【修改】Under no circumstance shall we lose sight of the benefits brought by part-time jobs.

【解析】原句只是简单、平淡地阐明理由；而修改后的句子，强调做兼职带来的好处是在任何情况下都不能被忽视的，情感更为强烈。

·看过《百家讲坛》后我对中国古代文化产生了兴趣。

【原句】I have interest in learning about ancient Chinese culture after watching Lecture Room in CCTV channel 10.

【修改】Only after watching Lecture Room in CCTV channel 10 did I have interest in learning ancient Chinese culture.

【解析】原句平铺直叙看过《百家讲坛》后自己对中国古代史产生了兴趣。而修改后的句子，重点强调正是在看过这个节目之后，自己才产生的兴趣，进一步突出了“看电视”的好处。

4）插入语

插入语，顾名思义，就是在句子中间插入对句子起补充或附加说明的成分。一般来说，插入语与句中其他部分没有语法上的联系，去掉后句子结构仍然完整。插入语在句中主要起解释、说明、总结等作用，此外还可用于表示说话者的态度和看法、起强调作用、引起别人的注意、转移话题、承上启下等。

·大学生在兼职中获得的经验可以让他们得到未来雇主的青睐。

【原句】The experience that university students acquire in part-time jobs may make them more attractive to future employers.

【修改】The experience that university students acquire in part-time jobs, such as the ability to convey a sense of professionalism through dress and speech, may make them more attractive to future employers.

【解析】原句说得较为抽象，做兼职获得的经验有很多，不够明确。考生可以适当列举，这样也为下文举例埋下伏笔，能够使文章的论述更有说服力，让考官更为信服。

·青少年在团队中依赖聪明人，这引起了人们的顾虑。

【原句】This raises concerns that teens may depend on those smart brains in a team.

【修改】This raises concerns that, despite the benefits, teens may depend on those smart brains in a team.

【解析】原句提出疑虑，即小组活动中一些青少年可能会过于依赖那些聪明的学生。修改后的句子插入了despite the benefits，成功地将前文中提到的小组活动的好处指出，起到承上启下的作用，也强调了小组活动是有坏处的。

5）虚拟语气

在if引导的条件句中，有一种是从句中提出一个与客观事实不相符或根本不可能存在的条件，主句会产生一种不可能获得的结果。条件句中的虚拟语气根据不同的时间有三种不同的形式（见下表）。考生需注意if条件句虚拟语气的用法，如果if省略，则句子要倒装（如例2）。

此外，考生还需注意含蓄条件句的用法。有时假设的情况并不以条件从句的形式表现出来，而是通过某个介词或介词短语（如：with, otherwise, without, but for, in that position）、上下文或其他方式表现出来。这种句子称为含蓄条件句。

·If I were nearing graduate, I would certainly not mind the emphasis on research.

·Had I had to work on this project individually, it would have been boring, and I would not have put much effort into it.

·Without taking the risk and challenge of adapting to different cultures and languages, my life would have been easier and more enjoyable.

6）平行结构

平行结构即考生较为熟悉的排比，是由两个或两个以上结构相同、内容相关、形式一致的词、短语、句子或段落排列在一起，可以加强语气、强调内容。

常见的英语平行结构连接词有：and, but, or, both…and…, as well as, either…or…, neither…nor…, not only…but also等。请考生参考下列用法：

·We can acquire knowledge by reading, by observation, by arguing and by practice.

·In many ways, getting a promotion is a similar to planting a tree.

·Not only will students explore their interests by doing whatever they want during leisure time, but also they will cultivate independence step by step.

（3）句式彰显简洁

有时考生句子扩展做得很好，能够把简单句合并成复杂句，甚至就认为ETS考官会给长句加分。笔者曾见过一名考生，在word文档中用五号字体四行才结束一句话的情况，现在想想还觉得恐怖，勾起笔者翻译法律条文的灰暗时光。与此相反，考官不会在意句子长短，只会在意考生使用的句法结构是否恰当。

使句子简洁常用的方法有：状语从句转换为非谓语做状语；定语从句转换为非谓语做定语；定语从句转换为插入语；状语从句简化为短语等。举例如下：

·其他人持有相反态度，他们坚持原本设计成使人们生活更简单的科技反而可能在人们日常生活中引起困扰或使生活变复杂。

【原句】Others offer an opposite attitude because they insist that technology designed to make life easier may cause trouble to and complicate their daily life.

【修改】Others offer an opposite attitude, insisting that technology designed to make life easier may cause trouble to and complicate their daily life.

【解析】非谓语做状语，表示原因。

·他曾盲目地听从领导指挥，思辨能力和推理能力都有所减弱。

【原句】He used to following instructions of the leader so blindly that his critical thinking and reasoning skills have decreased.

【修改】He used to following instructions of the leader almost blindly, resulting in decreased critical thinking and reasoning skills.

【解析】非谓语做状语，表示结果。

·有毒的、含瘦肉精的香肠通过广告到达了千家万户。

【原句】The sausages which contain, poisonous clenbuterol reach thousands of consumers through advertisement.

【修改】The sausages containing poisonous clenbuterol reach thousands of consumers through advertisement.

【解析】原句使用了which引导的定语从句，可以简化为非谓语做后置定语，既不改变原意，也可使句子更为简洁。

·他们不得不等待政府的救援，只有它能够确保人们安全。

【原句】They have to wait for rescue from the government, who is the only one who can ensure their safety.

【修改】They have to wait for rescue from the government — the only one who can ensure their safety.

【解析】原句使用了非限制性定语从句，但是which引导的定语从句中还有一个who引导的定语从句，这种结构显得句子冗杂。因此，可以将which引导的从句部分改为插入语，使句子更为简洁。

·因为人们现在用冷链物流的方式运输食材，所以他们很少再营养不良。

【原句】If people could use cold-chain logistics in food supply, few of them would get malnutrition.

【修改】The cold-chain logistics used in food supply reduces the possibility for people to get malnutrition.

【解析】原句是非常普通的状语从句，但转换思路后可以发现，就是冷链运输使人们不再营养不良。这种方式比较复杂，适用于语言水平更高的考生进行尝试。