历史文化
History and Culture

悠久历史
Long History

中华人文始祖黄帝5000多年前在陕西开创了中华文明，位于黄陵县的黄帝陵和位于宝鸡市的炎帝陵，是中华文明发祥地的重要标志。

中国历史上有西周、秦、汉、唐等14个政权在陕西建都。秦朝是中国第一个中央集权的封建王朝。到西汉时期，社会、经济、文化全面发展，汉唐丝绸之路从陕西发端。唐朝是中国历代最强盛的王朝，都城长安不仅是当时中国政治、经济、文化的中心，更是国际闻名的大都市。

唐代以后，统治中心东移，陕西不再是中国政治、经济的中心，但在中国政治、经济和军事上仍占有重要地位，直到近代，一直是西部重镇。

Around 5,000 years ago, China's cultural ancestor, the Yellow Emperor, created the Chinese civilization in Shaanxi. The Yellow Emperor Mausoleum in Huangling County and Emperor Yandi' s Mausoleum in Baoji City are prominent symbols of the birthplace of Chinese civilization.

Altogether 14 dynasties, including the Western Zhou, the Qin, the Han and the Tang, established their capitals in Shaanxi. The Qin Dynasty is the first unified feudal dynasty with a centralized political system in the history of China. The Western Han Dynasty witnessed the integrated development of the society, the economy and the culture. The Silk Road started from Shaanxi during the Han and the Tang dynasties. The Tang Empire was the most powerful among China's dynasties in history. Chang'an, the capital of Tang, was not only the political, economic and cultural center of China, but also a famous international metropolis.

After the Tang Dynasty, the center of governmental administration moved eastward. Shaanxi was no longer the political and economic center of China. However, Shaanxi still occupied an important position in politics, economy and military of China. Up to modern times, Shaanxi has been considered as a crucial area within western China.

红色文化
Revolutionary Culture

陕西是红色革命沃土，延安是中国革命圣地。从1935年到1948年，延安是中共中央的所在地，是中国人民解放斗争的总后方。毛泽东等老一辈革命家培育形成的延安精神，是中华民族精神宝库中的宝贵财富。延安现存革命纪念地400余处，其中宝塔山、凤凰山、杨家岭、枣园、王家坪、陕甘宁边区政府旧址等最为著名。

陕甘边照金革命根据地位于铜川市耀州区。20世纪30年代初，刘志丹、谢子长、习仲勋等老一辈革命家在这里创建了以照金为中心的陕甘边革命根据地。陕甘边照金革命根据地的建立，点燃了西北革命的火种，为后来陕北革命根据地的建立创造了条件，在中国革命史上留下了光辉的一页。

2004年，陕甘边革命根据地照金纪念馆正式开馆，成为全国100个红色旅游经典景区之一。

Shaanxi is the cradle of revolution, and Yan'an is the sacred land of Chinese revolution. From 1935 to March 1948, Yan'an was the home to the CPC Central Committee and the overall rear base for the Chinese people's struggle for liberation. The Yan'an Spirit, nurtured by Mao Zedong and other revolutionary leaders of his generation, is great treasure of the Chinese national spirit. Yan'an is home to over 400 old revolutionary sites, among which the most famous ones are Mount Baota, Mount Fenghuang, Yangjialing, Zaoyuan,Wangjiaping and the site of Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Government.

The Zhaojin Revolutionary Base in Shaanxi-Gansu Border Region is located at Yaozhou District, Tongchuan City. In the early 1930s, the older generation revolutionary leaders including Liu Zhidan, Xie Zichang and Xi Zhongxun bravely carried out revolutionary activities under extremely arduous conditions. They founded Shaanxi-Gansu Border Region Revolutionary Base with Zhaojin as the center. The establishment of Shaanxi-Gansu Border Region Revolutionary Base kindled the revolution in northwestern China, created conditions for the later Northern Shaanxi Revolutionary Base, and wrote a brilliant chapter in China's revolutionary history.

In 2004, the Memorial Hall of Zhaojin Revolutionary Base in Shaanxi-Gansu Border Region was officially opened. It is one of China's 100 revolutionary scenic spots.

民间文化
Folk Culture

陕西民间艺术丰富多彩，地域特色鲜明。许多项目被列入“国家级非物质文化遗产名录”。户县（今西安市鄠邑区）、安塞（今延安市安塞区）等县区被文化和旅游部命名为“全国民间绘画之乡”；安塞、凤翔、千阳县南寨镇、合阳县甘井镇等被文化和旅游部命名为“中国民间文化艺术之乡”；安塞被中国文联、中国曲协评为“中国曲艺之乡”，是陕西省唯一的全国文化“五乡”（此前安塞被文化和旅游部授予“腰鼓之乡”“剪纸之乡”“民间绘画之乡”“民歌之乡”）。目前陕西省入选联合国教科文组织人类非物质文化遗产代表作名录的有西安鼓乐、中国剪纸、中国皮影戏、咸阳茯茶制作技艺四项。

秦腔是中国最具代表性的古老剧种之一，源于陕西、甘肃一带的民间曲调和宋、金、元的铙鼓杂剧，陕甘一带古为秦地，故称其为“秦腔”。又因其以枣木梆子为击节乐器，所以又叫“梆子腔”，俗称“乱弹”。

陕北民歌、陕北剪纸具有浓郁的黄土文化和边塞文化特色；扭秧歌、安塞腰鼓等传统民间艺术也从陕北走向了世界。

华阴老腔曲风高亢豪迈、自在随性，是关中地区的代表性民间文化；社火是关中地区传统的民俗文娱活动；凤翔彩绘泥塑、凤翔木版年画和户县农民画等关中民间艺术体现了丰富多彩的民风民俗。

陕南地区的汉剧为京剧的形成做出过特殊贡献；紫阳民歌是陕南地区传统民歌中最具代表性的曲种。

There are a variety of folk art with outstanding regional features in Shaanxi. Many of them have been included in the list of National Intangible Cultural Heritage. The counties of Huxian（Huyi District, Xi'an） , Ansai （Ansai District,Yan'an）, and other counties are named as "Hometown of National Folk Painting"; Ansai, Fengxiang counties as well as Nanzhai Township in Qianyang County and Ganjing Township in Heyang County are named as "Hometown of Chinese Folk Art" by Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Ansai County is granted the title "Hometown of Chinese Quyi （ballad-singing and storytelling）" by Chinese Ballad Singers Association and China Federation of Literary and Art Circles. Ansai is the only one in Shaanxi to be named hometown for five sorts of folk art （It was previously granted the honor of hometown of waist drums, paper-cutting, folk painting and folk songs by Ministry of Culture and Tourism）. Xi'an Drum Music, Chinese Paper-cutting and Chinese Shadow Puppets have been inscribed in the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage List.

Qin Opera is one of the most representative old operas of China. It originated in the folk tunes and the timbrel opera of the Song, the Jin and the Yuan dynasties along Shaanxi and Gansu. The area around Shaanxi and Gansu was within the territory of the Kingdom of Qin, hence the name Qin Opera. As jujube wood bangzi （slit drum） is used for percussion in the performance, it is also called Bangzi Opera or Luantan （strum） by the locals.

Northern Shaanxi Ballads and Northern Shaanxi Paper-cutting enjoy rich Loess and border cultural features. Yangge Performance, Ansai Waist Drum and other traditional folk art spread from Northern Shaanxi to the rest of the world.

Huayin Laoqiang Opera enjoys vigorous, majestic, free and unconstrained features, representative of the folk culture in the Guanzhong Plain. Shehuo （village and township festival parade） is a traditional folk custom and cultural activity in the area. Fengxiang Color-painted Clay Figurines, Fengxiang Xylograph New Year Pictures, Huxian County Peasant Painting, and other folk art in the Guanzhong Plain elaborately and vividly delineate the colorful customs with a plain style.

In Southern Shaanxi, Hanju Opera made special contributions to the formation of the Peking Opera. Ziyang Folk Song is the most representative among traditional folk songs.

现代文化
Modern Culture

随着时代的发展，新兴的文化形态与陕西的古老文化不断交融，创业咖啡街区为陕西创新创业注入了强大动力，成为展示城市新风貌的时尚地标。

陕西大剧院是西北地区首个国际化、专业化、综合性的大剧院，也是展示古都文化魅力的重要窗口。

西安音乐厅是西北地区首屈一指的演出场馆，更是享誉古城西安的文化地标。

With the development of times, new cultural forms continuously integrate with ancient Shaanxi culture. Xi'an Inno Start-up Wonderland infuses new vitality to the city's innovation and development, and has become a beautiful modern landmark for fashion.

Shaanxi Opera House, the first international,professional and comprehensive theater in northwestern China, is an important window of Shaanxi to exhibit the cultural charm of its ancient capital.

Xi'an Concert Hall, the No.1 performance venue in northwestern China, is a renowned cultural landmark of the ancient city.